Quotes About Friends and Friendship

Friendship is a rare and precious commodity. If you have a friend who truly understands you and accepts you despite your shortcomings, then you are the luckiest person in the world. Quotes About Friendship Here are some quotes about friendship and friends: Walter Winchell: newspaper/radio columnist/commentator ï » ¿A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world walks out. Anonymous To have a good friend is one of the highest delights in life; to be a good friend is one of the noblest and most difficult undertakings. Christi Mary Warner: singer/songwriter, poet A true friend is one who knows all about you and likes you anyway. Aristotle: Greek philosopher What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two bodies. Anonymous A friend hears the song in my heart and sings it to me when my memory fails. Bishop Fulton J. Sheen: Catholic bishop, TV commentator Every man rejoices twice when he has a partner in his joy. He who shares tears with us wipes them away. He divides them in two, and he who laughs with us makes the joy double. Jacques Delille: French poet Fate chooses our relatives, we choose our friends. Samuel Butler: English novelist, essayist Friendship is like money, easier made than kept. Anonymous Every time I hold you I begin to understand, that everything about you tells me youre my best friend. Proverb Advice from your friends is like the weather; some of it is good; some of it is bad. Orson Welles: American actor, writer, director Were born alone, we live alone, we die alone. Only through our love and friendship can we create the illusion for the moment that were not alone. Charles R. Swindoll: Christian pastor and authorI cannot even imagine where I would be today were it not for that handful of friends who have given me a heart full of joy. Lets face it, friends make life a lot more fun. Yolanda Hadid: Dutch-American television personalityI have learned that friendship isnt about who youve known the longest, its about who came and never left your side. Simon Sinek; British-American author, consultant The strong bond of friendship is not always a balanced equation; friendship is not always about giving and taking in equal shares. Instead, friendship is grounded in a feeling that you know exactly who will be there for you when you need something, no matter what or when. Khalil Gibran:Â  Lebanese-American writer, poet In the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures. For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed. Ray Bradbury: American authorIf we listened to our intellect, wed never have a love affair. Wed never have a friendship. Wed never go into business, because wed be cynical. Well, thats nonsense. Youve got to jump off cliffs all the time and build your wings on the way down.

The Business Model Essay - 1107 Words

The Business Model Michael Lewis (2000: pages 256-257) scoffed at the whole attempt to formalize the definition of business models when he wrote that â€Å" â€Å"Business Model† is one of those terms of art that were central to the Internet boom: it glorifies all manner of half baked plans. All it really meant was how you planned to make money.† In an abstract of his paper â€Å"A Mesoscopic Approach to Business Models: Nano Research on Management† published in â€Å"Economic Issues in China† Dr. Junyi Weng stated that â€Å"Business Model, a well known important and extensively used term by media, management consultancy and business top managers, is just in an embarrassment that there is no consensus about its definition and few papers in academic†¦show more content†¦However, this paper chooses this definition as theoretical perspective of analysis for this paper subject to the following modifications: A business model is overall framework and philosophy by which a company (intends or) creates value in the market place through enhancement of its own combination of raw or in-put materials to create products (tangible and intangible including services), product packaging and systematic distribution in order to generate some or the best possible profit. We wish to adopt the principle enunciated by H. Chesbrough and R. S. Rosenbloom that The Business model mediates between the technical and economic domain: Measured in technical domain measured in economic domain From this descriptive model a business model can be viewed as the activity processes, which are combined and designed for generating advantage or profit for a company. There are two levels of technological intervention in the Business endeavour, which we define as â€Å"technology of production† and the â€Å"technology of trade.† These two levels of technological intervention call for a re-evaluation of business models either for modification or for re-invention. 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The model was pioneered by magazines and newspapers, but is now used by many businesses and websites. we ve got to provide an on-going, novel yet practical service that adds value to customers lives by encouraging/changing habits. You need to relate to your customers lifestyle and that can only be done successfully if you have a common interest and passionRead MoreCreating A Successful Business Model1583 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Creating a successful business model requires a wide variety of detail. Numerous businesses decide simply to enter a market with standard practices and standard products that are related to a particular product or service, however, countless others attempt to innovate by creating new services or business models. Innovation is done through small-medium enterprises (SME) or through innovation-driven enterprises (IDE). 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Principle Of Financial Accounting Francisco -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Principle Of Financial Accounting Francisco? Answer: Introducation Carlsberg is an international brewer employing approximately 41000 people who are located in Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Asia. The company was founded in 1847 and is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is primarily engaged in the marketing, sale, and production of soft drinks and beer. Further, its portfolio comprises of a range of cider and beer brands including Baltika, Holsten, Carlsberg, Tuborg, etc. Carlsberg is also prevalent in various markets wherein it does not operate its own breweries through export and license business (Carlsberg, 2016). Heineken Heineken is the leading marketer and developer of premium cider and beer brands with a strong portfolio of more than 250 global, local, and regional ciders and beers. The company is committed towards long-term brand investment, cost management, sales execution, and innovation. It employs around 73500 workforce who operates in more than 165 breweries, cider plants, malteries, and production facilities situated in around 70 countries. It was founded in 1864 in Amsterdam. Transaction exposures of Carlsberg Carlsberg foreign exchange transaction exposures are mainly derived from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations, raw material risk, and credit risk. Foreign currency exchange rate Carlsberg is exposed to transaction risks on sales and purchases in currencies instead of functional currency of domestic entities. Besides, a significant portion of the Groups affairs take place outside Denmark and not in DKK currencies. Hence, foreign exchange risk can be considered a major transaction exposure for the Group and as a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate can possess a material impact on its financial statement (Jacque, 2010). This is the reason why Carlsberg intends to hedge 70-90% of future cash flows in currencies on a 12-month rolling basis (other than the functional currencies). Interest rate fluctuations The most relevant interest rate transaction exposure in the company relates to borrowings. Since the entire debt of Carlsberg is in DKK and EUR, the exposures of interest rate relate to development in interest rates in both currencies. Such interest rate risk is measured by the time period of net financial debt (Carlsberg, 2016). Besides, in order to avoid foreign exchange risk, the interest rate on borrowings must be in local currency but in case of Carlsberg, the interest rate level in domestic currency and the additional cost of financing in domestic currency is extremely high, thereby resulting into a foreign exchange risk (Pochon Jerome, 2011). The net interest paid by Carlsberg amounted to DKK 1003 million in comparison to DKK 1818 million paid in 2015. Such decline was because of lower interest-bearing debts. Raw material risk The company also encounters foreign exchange transaction exposure due to the purchase of malt, cans, and energy. Moreover, since the underlying market for specified categories of packaging and raw materials vary, transaction exposure is more likely to occur (Carlsberg, 2016). The cost of finished goods of the company enhanced by 11% because of such currency impact from the appreciation of the Russian rouble. Credit risk The company is also exposed to credit risks on several cash equivalents and cash that include fixed deposits, derivative financial instruments, and investments with a positive fair value as to whether the opposite party can meet their contractual obligations as they become due (Popper, 2012). The carrying value of DKK 3502 million in the year 2016 has enhanced from DKK 3131 million in 2015 that represents the maximum exposure of credit owing to cash equivalents and cash (Carlsberg, 2016). Foreign exchange currency rate fluctuations Heineken is exposed to foreign currency risk on future purchases, future sales, dividends, and borrowings denominated in a currency other than its functional currencies. Further, major currencies giving risk to such transaction exposures are Mexican Peso, US Dollar, British Pound, Euro, etc (Heineken, 2016). In 2016, the year-end US dollar exchange rate moved to 1.05 in comparison to 1.09 in 2015, thereby affecting the financial statements of the company. Since the company reports in Euros that has proven to be a stronger currency over these years, fluctuations in the aforesaid currencies can affect the overall company results (taking into account the export sizes from Eurozone to South Africa and the USA). However, the company also has hedging transactional exchange risks that assist it to postpone the impact of its financial outcomes (Heineken, 2016). This is why 10% strengthening of US dollar against the Euro has materially affected financial assets and liabilities of the company. Credit risk Heineken is also exposed to a risk of financial loss in the event of failure of counterparties to satisfy their obligations. Moreover, such exposure arises mainly from investment securities and customers of the company. Further, the interest rates decided by the company are based on a risk-free rate plus margin that considers the value of given security and risk profile of the customer (Heineken, 2016). Therefore, any variations in exchange rates can easily impact the income statement of the company. Commodity price risk Heineken is also exposed to foreign currency transaction exposure associated with price changes in its commodities that can affect its overall income. Further, the main commodity exposure is associated with the purchase of utilities, cans, malt, and glass bottles. In order to encounter such exposure, the company does not enter into commodity contracts except to address sale requirements and expected usage of the company (Batram Bodnar, 2012). This is the reason why market value of commodity swaps in 2016 was EUR 11 million in comparison to EUR 70 million negatives in the year 2015 (Heineken, 2016). Comparison of transaction exposures As both the companies pursue similar business operational nature in manufacturing, producing, and selling their cider and beer bottles that include dealing in foreign currencies owing to international relations, they are exposed to similar foreign exchange transaction exposures like commodity price fluctuations, exchange rate variations, and exposure of credit risk. For transaction exposure attained from fluctuations in exchange rate, the overall finance expenses of Heineken enhanced from EUR 409 million in 2015 to EUR 493 million in 2016. In contrast to this, the net revenue of Carlsberg witnessed a major fall by 4% because of fluctuations in foreign exchange during the year 2016. For transaction exposure attained from commodity price fluctuations, the market value of commodity swaps of Heineken increased from EUR 70 million (negative) to EUR 11 million. In contrast to this, owing to the appreciation of Russian rouble, the cost of finished goods of Carlsberg increased by 11%. For transaction exposure attained from the risk of credit facilities to customers, the carrying amounts of financial guarantees and assets to the bank for Heineken enhanced from EUR 7335 million to EUR 7354 million in 2016. The same has been witnessed by Carlsberg as its carrying amount of financial assets has also enhanced from DKK 3131 million to DKK 3502 million. Different transaction exposures It can be seen that Carlsberg is also exposed by fluctuations in interest rates whereas Heineken is not affected by such transaction (in 2016). This is the reason why fluctuations in interest rates have decreased the net payment of interest on the part of Carlsberg from DKK 1818 million in the year 2015 to DKK 1003 million in the year 2016. Tools for managing transaction exposures In order to hedge foreign exposures, Carlsberg makes way to enter into forwarding exchange contracts or net investment hedges. Foreign exchange contracts Since the Group holds various types of investments in foreign subsidiaries, it is clearly exposed to foreign exchange risks. Foreign exchange contracts are entered by the company to hedge such exposures. This is applicable to investments in CHF, CNY, RUB, and MYR. Further, the basis for hedging in such contracts is reviewed at least once in a year and the general parameters like cost and risk reduction are balanced (Ross, 2010). Nonetheless, in economic terms, possessing debt in foreign currency through forwarding exchange contracts assists the Group in hedging the future cash flow value of DKK that arise from particular transactions or operating affairs (Moffett et. al, 2009). Where the fair value adjustment of such forward exchange contracts cannot surpass the fair value of the investment, adjustments of financial instruments are identified in other comprehensive income; otherwise, these are identified in the income statement (John, 2011). In order to hedge foreign exposures, the company uses derivatives in their ordinary course of business. Basically, the company implements hedge accounting to reduce the impact of transaction exposure in its income statement (Christie, 2014). In the year 2016, Heineken has entered into various cross-currency interest rate swaps that have been reflected as cash flow hedges to hedge the risk of foreign exchange rates on the principal value and future interest payments of its borrowings in US dollars (Fun Resnick, 2011). Heineken has also utilized commodity swaps to hedge foreign exposures and its market value reflected a positive figure of EUR 11 million in 2016. The company has used EUR 23 million forward exchange contracts in 2016 for hedge accounting. Moreover, such figure was very less (EUR 2 million) in 2015. Conclusion In case of big companies like Carlsberg and Heineken, forward exchange contracts, swaps, and options can be easily utilized to hedge short-term foreign currency exposure. Besides, companies that transact internationally can use hedging contracts to eliminate transaction exposure (Story, 2010). In the case of Carlsberg, more foreign exchange contracts can be used on an additional level to prevent any losses that are generated from movement of foreign currency (Needles Powers, 2013). However, commodity swaps can also be used by the company to encounter commodity risk that can affect its financial outcomes as a whole. In contrast to this, Heineken manages its transaction exposure in an appropriate way by the use of interest rate swaps, commodity swaps, and forward exchange contracts to hedge its accounting (Pilbeam, 2009). This can assist the company in attaining better financial outcomes throughout the year. The concept o foreign currency transaction exposure and different tools for m ultinational companies has been studied in an in-depth manner by various experts over a period of time. Forward contract, as well as options can be used as a potent tool to hedge foreign currency that pertains to short-term and in tune to the large multinational (Eun Resnick, 2011). Further, it is even proposed that the utilization of the hedging contracts is the best method to eliminate the exposure of transaction, specifically for companies that have huge operations or trading with countries that contains huge movements of currency. References Bartram, S. M Bodnar, G.M 2012, Crossing the Lines: The Relation between Exchange Rate Exposure and Stock Returns in Emerging and Developed Markets, Journal of International Money and Finance, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 766792 Carlsberg 2016, Carlsberg Annual report and accounts 2016, viewed 21 January 2018 https://carlsberggroup.com/media/10899/carlsberg-group-annual-report-2016.pdf Christie, S 2014, Downside Leverage and Event Risk in Fund of Funds Portfolios, Journal of Alternative Investment, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 68-75. Eun, C S Resnick, B. G 2011, International Financial Management, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Heineken 2016, Heineken Annual report and accounts 2016, viewed 21 January 2018 https://yourenotgonnareadthis.heinekenusa.com/Heineken-NV-2016-Sustainability-Report.PDF Jacque, LL 2010, Global Derivative Debacles: From Theory to Malpractice, World Scientific. John C. H 2011, Options, Futures and Other Derivatives, Harlow: Pearson Education Moffett, M. H, Stonehill, A. I Eiteman, D. K 2009, Fundamentals of Multinational Finance, Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Francisco: Mc Graw-Hill Brook co. Pilbeam, K, 2009, Finance and Financial Markets, Palgrave Macmillan Pochon, F, Jerome T 2011, A Conditional Approach to Hedge Fund Risk, Journal of Alternative Investments, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 64-77. Popper, N 2012, Rate Scandal Stirs Scramble for Damages, viewed 21 January 2018 https://www.cnbc.com/id/48143338 Ross, W.J 2010, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, McGraw Hill. Story, L 2010, A Secretive Banking Elite Rules Trading in Derivatives, viewed 21 January 2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/business/12advantage.html

Shel Silverstein Biography Essays - Childrens Poetry,

Shel Silverstein Biography Shelly Silverstein, most commonly known as Shel Silverstein. He is best known in children's literature for his poetry; however, he was also a cartoonist, composer, lyricist and folk singer. Silverstein's work, which he illustrated himself, is characterized by a deft mixing of the sly and the serious, the macabre and the just plain silly. Silverstein was born on September 25, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. His wicked, giddy humor is beloved by countless adults as well as by children. Shel began writing as a young boy in Chicago. Although he would rather have been playing baseball or chasing girls, he could not catch or hit a ball, and the girls were not interested in him. He gave his energies to writing. He developed his very own writing style at a young age and was unfamiliar with the poetry of the great poets of his time. I was so lucky that I didn't have anyone to copy, be impressed by. I had developed my own style, I was creating before I knew there was a Thurber, a Benchley, a Price and a Steinberg. I never saw their work until I was around thirty By the time girls were interested in him he was involved in his work. Silverstein never planned on writing and drawing for children. His friend, Tomi Ungerer, brought him to Ursula Nordstom's office where she convinced him to do children's books. One of his earliest and most successful books, The Giving Tree, was rejected by editor William Cole. Cole felt that the book fell between adults' and children's literature and would never sell. In Silverstein's eyes, it was a story about two people; one gives and the other takes. Ultimately, both adults and children embraced the book. He hoped that people, no matter what age, could identify with his other books as well. His works include Falling Up (1996), Where the Sidewalk Ends (1981), A Light in the Attic (1981), The Missing Piece Meets the Big O (1982). He won awards for all three books: The Michigan Young Readers Award for Where the Sidewalk Ends (1981); a School Library Journal Best Books (1982) for A Light in the Attic, an International Reading Association's Children's Choices Award for The Missing Piece Meets the Big O. Referring to Shel Silverstein as a children's author and stopping there, attempts to limit a great man who was much more. The writing of children's poetry is only half of the Shel Silverstein story. He actually started out cartooning when he was in the U.S. Army for Pacific Stars and Stripes In 1956, he caught the attention of Hugh Hefner, and began his life-long association with Playboy magazine supplying poignant adult cartoons and other humor.?It wasn't until the 60's that he wrote his first children's book, The Giving Tree, and found wide-spread fame as a children's author. ? Silverstein's intuitive mastery of silliness, satire and clever word play endeared him to all age groups.? Even after entering the children's market, he continued writing for Playboy as well as writing lyrics for artists such as Dr. Hook, Bobby Bare, Johnny Cash, Loretta Lynn, Kris Kristofferson, the Serendipity Singers and many more. Often there are two versions to a Silverstein poem.? Now and then we run across a song version and a Playboy version. Shel Silverstein's adult lyrics, poems and cartoons illustrated his people and street savvy he understood human nature of all ages.?Silverstein's cartoonin g and poetry often centered on sexuality and the drug culture but never without a thoughtful message, lesson, or quiet observation. Many of Silverstein's works that are considered to be children's literature originated in the adult genre and vice versa. Someone Ate the Baby is from Shel Silverstein's: Songs and Stories album, 1978. The same poem appears in Silverstein's Where the Sidewalk Ends as Dreadful. Shel Silverstein passed away May 10, 1999 from a heart attack. He will be remembered for generations to come through the joy he will continue to bring to children and adults through his life's work. English Essays

teaching and migration in belgium essays

teaching and migration in belgium essays Het migrantenbeleid in Europa valt uiteen in twee delen: het migratiebeheersingsbeleid en het integratiebeleid of minderhedenbeleid, een term die in de Angelsaksische landen wordt gebruikt. Het migratiebeheersingsbeleid betreft nieuwkomers die geen verblijfsvergunning hebben. Er zijn vier mogelijke scenarios. Een eerste scenario is het huwelijk van een niet-EU-lid met een EU-lid. Zo komt het bijvoorbeeld in Limburg vaak voor dat Turkse migranten die in Belgi zijn opgegroeid trouwen met mensen uit Turkije. Een ander scenario is het asielbeleid waarbij de nieuwkomers asiel aanvragen in Belgi. Vervolgens is er het binnenkomen van nieuw-komers via een arbeidsvergunning. Zon arbeidsvergunning wordt in eerste instantie altijd voorlopig afgeleverd: meestal geldt ze n jaar en kan ze daarna verlengd worden. In principe wordt er na drie jaar een definitieve arbeidsvergunning gegeven. Dit gebeurt echter vaak alleen maar wanneer het beroepen betreft waarvoor men niemand vindt in Belgi en bij hooggekwalificeerden zoals Japanners en Scandinavirs. Ten slotte kan men ook nog binnenkomen als illegaal die al dan niet eerst in een asiel heeft gezeten. Het integratie- of minderhedenbeleid houdt rekening met de Belgische staatsstructuur. Op verschillende niveaus wordt een bepaald beleid gevoerd. Zo zijn de bevoegdheden van het federaal niveau de nationaliteit, de godsdienst en de ordehandhaving: het al dan niet toekennen van stemrecht, het toestaan van erediensten in een bepaalde godsdienst, de toegang tot het openbaar ambt... De gemeenschappen staan dan weer in voor onderwijs en vorming, cultuur, welzijn, taal- en jeugdbeleid. In de regel zijn aan deze bevoegdheden telkens een minister of een kabinet verbonden. Dan is er het niveau van de gewesten: het Vlaams, Brussels en Waals gewest. Deze zorgen voor de tewerkstelling (priv en openbaar ambt), de huisvesting en de gezondheid. Ten slotte ko...

102 Monsters and Difference Professor Ramos Blog

102 Monsters and Difference Thesis IV. The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference Quick Write Consider Cohens assertion that monsters can represent cultural , political, racial, economic, [and/or] sexual difference. In what ways have you seen this process occurring in your everyday life? Thesis IV. The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference People who are different can be viewed as monsters. Differences tend to be political, cultural, racial economic, sexual, not fitting into the norm. People make up stories that will form the different people into monsters. The â€Å"monsters† are a threat. Used to justify treating them differently. Going against what was considered the norm of the culture was considered monstrous. This included sexual orientation, , race, economic status, and political preference.; this allowed   actions against these â€Å"monsters†, or â€Å"not   normal† individuals to be justified. â€Å"Representing an anterior culture as monstrous justifies its displacement or extermination by rendering the act heroic† (Cohen). The monster is difference made flesh (7) for the most part, difference tends to be cultural, political, racial, economic, sexual (7) Sample Evaluations The Realm of the Pale Man Medusa! Monstrous Creature Representative of Feminism I am Fire, I am Death, I Smell a Barbeque These Humanoid Machines Are After More Than Just Your Manufacturing Job Evaluation Notes Writing an Evaluation: It is one thing to offer an opinion, yet it is an entirely different matter to back up a claim with reasons and evidence. Only when you do will readers take you seriously. You are evaluating one or more representations of a monster or category of monster. Explain your mission: Just what do you intend to evaluate and for whom? Are you writing for experts, a general audience, or novices? How much explaining do you need to do so that you audience follows you without getting annoyed with too much information. If it is a well known monster you do not have to go into detail to explain it to us. If it is one we would not generally know, you have some work to do to introduce and explain it. Establish and defend criteria: Criteria are the standards by which objects are measured. Successful presidents leave office with the country in better shape than when they entered. When readers are likely to share your criteria, you need to explain little about them. When readers disagree or object, be prepared to defend your principles. Remember: Monster Theory (Seven Theses) is a great starting point for establishing criteria. Offer convincing evidence: Evidence makes the connection between an opinion and the criteria for evaluation that supports it. Supply data to show that a product you judged faulty didn’t meet those minimal standards. The monster evidence should come from your primary sources of the monster. The movie, book, short story, video, etc. Offer worthwhile advice: Some evaluations are just for fun. Done right, most evaluations and reviews provide usable information, beneficial criticism or even ranked choices. Make sure to answer the so what question? Why does this matter? What can we learn about society or ourselves by understanding the monster? The Evaluation Essay Purpose of Evaluations Let’s look at an example evaluation for a movie. The Hunger Games: EW Review Lisa Schwarzbaum is reviewing â€Å"The Hunger Games† movie. Does she acknowledge what her mission is and who her audience is? What criteria does she establish for it to succeed? Does she anticipate her audience’s questions and reactions? Does she address any differences between the book and movie? What is her grade or judgment of the movie?

Detrimental Effects of Medicating Children and Alternative Ways to Essay

Detrimental Effects of Medicating Children and Alternative Ways to Treat Behavioral Problems - Essay Example Ritalin is the number one prescription drug for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This drug has such tremendous potential for abuse that it is classified as a controlled substance by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Ritalin is an amphetamine (in street jargon, "speed") with a lengthy list of side effects, including nervousness, insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dizziness, palpitations, headaches, irregular heart rhythms, and psychic dependence - in short, addiction. In fact, Ritalin's appeal to drug users and its potential for abuse are so high that US House Judiciary Chair Henry Hyde (R-IL) recently filed a request with the General Accounting Office (GAO) to conduct an investigation of Ritalin abuse in public schools. In addition, class action lawsuits have been filed in Texas, California and New Jersey charging Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis, maker of Ritalin, with conspiracy to create the psychiatric disorder known as ADHD in order to fuel the market for their product. The latest version of methylphenidate is an extended-released tablet that will be the most expensive prescription drug on the ADHD market. ... Though promoters of the drug say it will help eliminate the embarrassment experienced by children who have to take medication at school, the drug will do nothing to eliminate the dangers of methylphenidate. In clinical studies, side effects of Concerta were virtually identical to those of Ritalin. There are natural alternatives to both Ritalin and Concerta, but you're not likely to hear about them from most conventional doctors. And if the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has its way, you won't be able to find these products in health food stores, either. Protecting Patients or Pharmaceutical Companies Late last year, the FTC charged Natural Organics, a company that markets a natural alternative to Ritalin called Pedi-Active ADD, with making unsubstantiated claims - despite the fact that Natural Organics has submitted some 200 studies, including 18 double-blind studies, in support of its claims. According to Natural Organics CEO Gerald Kessler, the FTC has failed to produce a single study supporting its allegations. Kessler questions the FTC's motives, and I agree - it's not consumers the FTC is trying to protect, it's the profit-hungry pharmaceutical companies and their stockholders. Pedi-Active ADD is used at the Whitaker Wellness Institute and have had great success with this formulation, a combination of naturally occurring compounds that support neural function. Dimethyl-aminoethanol (DMAE), a natural compound found in anchovies and sardines, was actually used for children with ADD in the pre-Ritalin days. DMAE stimulates the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is crucial for learning and memory, and enhances

TABLE 1 References to Time Management Concept in EBSCO database by Essay

TABLE 1 References to Time Management Concept in EBSCO database by Decade - Essay Example As per the given tabulations, the factored systemic variance within the cycles of the outputs and alternatively, these classifications are deeply organized into behavioral models which work collectively with the predictable market and search models. In his analysis, Neville et al, (2005) illustrated that IT concepts were technically built from information obtained from business models. The valuable strength management of a system is proportionally matched with the most ideal technological interpretations of the data warehouses and the information portal (Rainer and Thomas, 2004). An increasingly secure data is protectively commissioned through the required security features but the evaluation of a search provides an important platform. Ideally, the databases which contain these items are repeatedly factored and allocated specially designed keywords called Keys. The technology itself works by classifying inputs, such as cost of the products, cumulative costs for different products, credit worth and the latest changes in prices. According to Neville et al, (2005) the database search aspect also provide the clients with adequate information regarding customer behaviors, responses and the basic build up models of future customer trends (Neville, 20052000). The data mining systems are effective communication strategies which build a bulk emailing component in the system. The inclusion of discounts and general reduction of prices, these updates are automatically relayed to clients’ inboxes (Carson, 1990) The key beneficial trends of time management are determined by the customer participations. These basically involve the relational implementation of the strategic time management phases. The specification of customer based information satisfaction is gained periodically by engaging the business trends with the people (Boulding et al., 2005). The core objective as per Carson, (1990) is to enhance the views of customers in

Cultural Experience Essay Example for Free

Cultural Experience Essay A friend of mine is a close friend of an Indian family who lives in the same general area that my friend and I live in. My friend told Mrs. Suayna Patel about my assignment and we were both invited over to dinner at her and Mr. Rajesh Patel’s house for Saturday dinner. My friend and I were warmly invited into their two-story really large tan blockhouse. It is actually located just yards from a hotel they own called â€Å"Passport Inn. † They also occupy the two closest/adjoining rooms to the hotel’s lobby designed as a more modest second home they live out of when there are working as the hotel clerks. Their house was very elegantly decorated in a way with an obvious female touch. It had an incense smell to it, but enjoyable, not over-powering. I was initially invited into what I believe was their living room. The house had quite a few rooms downstairs so I’m not positive it was their living room. I think all of the family’s bedrooms were located on the second floor. Mrs. Suayna Patel invited me to sit on a sofa and then she proceeded to sit down on the other end. She was very soft-spoken and I really didn’t understand everything she said. She introduced me to her husband Rajesh. Rajesh, on the other hand, almost spoke as if he were a native of the U. S. although they both came here in 1997 after his uncle purchased two hotels. Their children, nine-year old son Siva and a twelve-year old daughter, Sanirika were born in the U. S. They pretty much acted like American children but possibly with more manners. I’m only stating this because we were to keenly observe things, but both children were over-weight probably like the majority of their American peers. The only communication barriers I had or I should say we had, was between Suayna and myself. Sometimes we didn’t understand one another but my friend would subtly and courteously intervene and help. They gradually lessened but her husband was quite a bit more extraverted than she was, so he talked to us while Suayna finished cooking the dinner. Suayna was definitely more passive and mild-mannered than the typical American woman and Mr. And Mrs. Patel did assume what we refer to as traditional male and female roles, although my American parents do also. I talked with the children because they were in the room. They had very little Indian accent and were more than willing to answer questions and talk to me. They were the most extraverted and talkative members of their family, possibly partially due to that they were raised here and have no communication differences from Americans. Suayna invited my friend and I to the table and had us sit down first and then the rest of the family sat down with Rajesh being the last one to be seated. I followed their lead at the table because I didn’t want to talk much at the table if it wasn’t something that was acceptable. However, they made me comfortable and just talked like any American family at the dinner table. Suayna served the best Chicken Curry with Rice, Naan bread (Dsouza, 2006), and lentil dish I have ever eaten in my life, by the way. I do think their family was more polite between one another and in talking with me than a typical American family. It could have been because of their company but I don’t think so. This isn’t always untypical of American families but I did notice Rajesh didn’t help out with the making of dinner. He did, however assist in removing the dinnerware and utensils from the table after dinner while neither of them allowed the company to help with the work. Unlike most families of my culture, I guess part of their behavioral language could be that they didn’t seem like had felt a need to occupy every second with words. There was no usage of divergence speaking or emotive language. I feel this is at least partly due to that they didn’t speak at all in a â€Å"self-important† manner whatsoever—even the children, at least while I was there. There was no usage of gestures when talking and there was no creativity or sense of humor in their conversation. They did use relative words when they were telling us why it was easier for them to visit their relatives in India then for their relatives to visit them in America. Overall, their language was cordial and to the point. They spoke pretty succinctly without being verbose. In fact, Mr. And Mrs. Patel spoke slower and less often than the families and friends I typically would eat with. It actually felt pretty peaceful. The children spoke a little more but they never spoke loudly at the table. As far as what I learned about the culture, because this was just one Indian-American family, I can’t make too many generalizations but I do feel they relate to one another in a quieter, probably a more gentle and peaceful manner than a typical American family. Their overall home and family had a more peaceful feel to it. It was a pleasant experience of India. Source Used Dsouza, Z. (2006). Veda: the essential Indian cookbook. Baltimore [Md. ]: PublishAmerica.

what would jesus brew :: essays research papers

Is Justified True Belief Really Knowledge? So, you think you found some truth in the traditional concepts that knowledge is true belief? Well, I just might have to burst your bubble and join up with Edmond L. Gettier’s famous counterexample’s to these particular beliefs. Gettier, published these ambitious counterexamples in a June 1963 article entitled, â€Å"Is Justified Knowledge True Belief.† The traditional concepts of knowledge seem to hold that the following three stipulations are jointly sufficient in verifying the claim that S knows p ( where S is some entity with the capacity for knowing and p is some proposition or claim): (i) p is true, (ii), S believes that p, and (iii), S is justified in believing that p. Gettier’s counterexamples demonstrate situations in which justified true belief does not lend to the yield of knowledge. Before stating his cases, Gettier is quick to note two points; The first being â€Å"it is possible for a person(S) to be justified in believing a proposition(p) that is in fact false.† And secondly, for any time S is justified in believing p, and p entails q which S then deduces from p and is then justified in believing q. This means that if a person(S) is justified in believing a false proposition, then they are justified in believing other false propositions or propositions that turn out to be true based on false propositions . Gettier, provides two cases, using two subjects(Smith and Jones), that are directly pertaining to two falicies inherent within the traditional beliefs of knowledge. In the first case, Gettier supposes that the two subjects(Smith and Jones) are both applying for a certain job and that Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job and that Jones also has ten coins in his pocket. This proposition could be verified if Smith was assured by the president of the company that Jones would get the job and also that Smith had recently counted the number of coins in Jones’ pocket. From this proposition you can then go on to deduct that â€Å"The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.† Gettier then supposes that Smith sees this and is justified in believing so. Now here’s the contradiction, imagine that unknown to Smith, he is actually the one who will receive the job and that also unknown to Smith, he coincidentally also has ten coins in his pocket.

Rasin in the Sun Walter Character Analysis Essay

Depression is ongoing feelings of hopelessness, sadness, unhappiness, and causes a bleak outlook on life. When someone is suffering from depression they cannot be at the top of their game. A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959, which was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway. The story is based upon the family getting an insurance check; from Walter senior’s death, and the troubles of an African American family in the 1950’s. One Character, Walter shows almost every sign of depression throughout the play. He uses bad cooping skills, like alcohol, hurting his family meanwhile. Walter begins the play, as an unhappy man who is selfish but later matures into a better husband, father, and head of the household. When someone is unhappy, they tend to make impulsive decisions. In the case of Walter Lee Younger, he follows those footsteps. He proves that statement to be true when he tells the character Mama, also know as â€Å"Lena Younger† how he feel his job is nothing, saying, â€Å"†¦Mama, that ain’t no kind of job†¦ that ain’t nothing at all† (Hansberry 73). When Walter is talking to Mama about his future, he tells her he feels as if it’s, â€Å" †¦ a big, looming blank space- full of nothing† (73). That darkness he is showing in that conversation proves to us, that he is very unhappy where his life currently stands. The unhappiness he is experiencing now will later help him become a stronger man. Throughout the play, Walter shows the audience that he is a very selfish man, who will do whatever to get his way. In the beginning of the play, Walter says while talking to Ruth â€Å"I got me a dream† (33). He wants to buy a liquor store with his father’s $10,000 life insurance money, he tells Ruth, â€Å"†¦the initial investment on the place be ‘bout thirty thousand, †¦that be ten thousand each† (33). Walter is oblivious that Mama and Ruth want a house, and Beneatha wants money for college, showing that Walter only cares about himself. The Younger’s get a call from Walter’s work, Ruth answers and they tell her that Walter hasn’t been to work for three days. This shows that Walter is being selfish and missing work to grieve at a bar because Mama didn’t give him money for the liquor store, when he knows the family is struggling for money. Ruth confronts Walter and tells him, â€Å"†¦Mr. Arnold has had to take a cab for three days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦If you don’t come in tomorrow that they are getting a new man† (105), Walter looked at her and laughed. Walter thinks that through his selfish acts that he is going to get his way, but little does he know that it is just going to add fuel to the fire. Sometimes it’s better off to shut up, swallow pride, and accept wrongdoing. It’s not giving up, It’s called growing up. That is exactly what Walter Lee did in the third act, he proved himself that he could be a better man. When he was talking to Mr. Karl Linder about if they where going to accept his offer, â€Å"†¦to buy the house†¦ at a financial gain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (118), Walter was planning to accept his offer, but realized his family really wanted to move into this home. He told Mr. Linder that, â€Å" †¦we have decided to move into our house because my father – my father he earned it for us brick by brick† (148) which is a very big improvement for Walter. Usually Walter does impulsive selfish acts, not thinking about his family. When Mama told Walter, talking about Travis, â€Å" †¦You make him understand what your doing, Walter Lee. You teach him good. Like Willy Harris taught you. You show where five generations done come to† (147) something triggered Walter to realize what he was actually doing and made him reject the offer, doing something exceptional for the family, making himself a better head of the household. Walter also tells Linder that he is proud of Beneatha, which is very unusual. He tells him, â€Å"†¦ that’s my sister over there and she’s going to be a doctor – and we are very proud† (148), that is a very big statement that he told Linder. Earlier in the play he told Beneatha, â€Å"Who the hell told you to be a doctor? †¦ go be a nurse like other women – or just get married and be quiet.† (38), Walter completely changed his view, and actually was proud of Beneatha. Making himself a better brother. Walter Lee Younger makes a commendable change throughout the play. Walter becomes a better man, making himself better suited to be the head of the household. It took him time, but he realized what life was really about. He  stood up for the family, showing responsibility, maturity, and love to the family. * Hansberry, Lorraine . A Raisin in the Sun. 7th. 51. New york: Random House, Inc., 1958. 0-151. Print.

Can Globalization Be Reversed Essay

With the coming of the industrial age, the wheel of progress turned. Factory based mass production replaced independent artisans, who now worked for business firms (Volti, 2009, p. 187). The workers became dependant on businesses to provide facilities to work in, tools to work with, and wages to take home, creating a society of employees (Volti, 2009, p. 187). Since work and income was now dependant on the factories, workers need to find homes in relative proximity, thus leading to higher density of individuals within the urban areas surrounding the manufacturing centers. With urbanization came a need for production and transportation of food to the growing cities. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, this food was generally produced locally on the surrounding farmlands with only the occasional delicacy imported from a foreign land. While factory work was hard and the hours long, people chose it over subsistence farming as it lead to a better standard of living for themselves and their offspring. Bertha Black remembers her family’s move to a mill town: We all went to work, in the Amazon Cotton Mill and we all worked there all our lives. We were all anxious to go to work because, I don’t know, we didn’t like farming. It was so hot from sunup to sundown. No, that was not for me. Mill work was better. It had to be. Once we went to work in the mill after we moved here from the farm, we had more clothes and more kinds of food than we did when we was a farmin’. And we had a better house. So yes, when we came to the mill life was easier (Rivoli, 2009, p. 110). Thus began urbanization which continues to this day, with 50% of the global population residing in urban centers (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. ). This urbanization is directly coupled with wealth, where the â€Å"more urbanized a country, the higher the individual incomes (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 1)†. The United States, one of the top 20 global incomes per capita (World Bank, 2011, p. 1), supports this, as 82. 1% of the population live in urban centers (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 2). Urbanization trends have been linked to enhanced democracy, technological innovations, economic progress, and higher living standards (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 2). Is it any wonder then that â€Å"[n]o matter the path of economic development a country has chosen, urbanization remains an inevitable outcome of this effort across the world (Satterthwaite, 2010, p. 1)†. As the living standards and population densities of urban centers increase, so too do the distance that food needs to be transported. Today, a large urban center, like the greater New York City metropolitan area with a population of over 21 million people (US Census, 2010), has to reach to great distances for its food. This is because 1. acres of arable land are required per person to maintain the diverse diet American’s enjoy (Pimentel & Giampietro, 1994). This translates to 25. 2 million acres of arable land being required to feed New York City. Thus 7% of the US population (US Census, 2010) requires 10% of America’s farmland (USDA, 2012, p. 56). It should come as no surprise then that our agriculture imports exceeded $94 billion in 2011 (USDA, 2012, p. 90). The comparative wealth of the American populace, coupled with their culinary desires leads to a demand for imports of produce and other horticultural items during the off seasons in the US. Put another way, Americans’ desire for fresh tomatoes on their Del Taco tacos in February in the American northeast drives global trade to farmers in Central and South America. The motivation of the labor market, to increase quality of life, explains the willingness of individuals to accept factory work and their desire to progress to better, higher paying jobs. Neo-classic economic theory explains business motivation to achieve maximum profitability through efficiency of production (Weintraub, 2002). Efficiency is maximized through three inter-related and adjustable parameters: technology; labor; materials. Technology, as expressed in terms of facilities and equipment, is a fixed cost of production, whereas labor and materials, including transportation expenses, remain variable costs (Starr, 2008). In achieving the optimal balance, any large discrepancy will heavily weight the calculation. For example, the wages for textile workers in southeast Asia are 7% of the wages in United States (Rivoli, 2009, p. 104). This large of a differential in the variable cost makes it virtually impossible to create an equivalent model through enhanced technology, especially when most technology advances can be applied to factories located in the lower labor cost countries. Thus Rivoli’s â€Å"Race to the Bottom† continues (Rivoli, 2009, pp. 92–104), bringing with it industrialization and urbanization. As with any race, there are winners and losers. The countries acquiring the manufacturing jobs and the companies maximizing their profits through relocating manufacturing to the lower labor cost countries are obvious winners. The employees of the factories being off-shored are initially the losers, until the race progresses to the next industrial sector. A clear example of this is the Carolinas, where many textile worker’s jobs have been lost to southeast Asia, now have opportunities for better paying jobs in auto manufacturing. BMW opened a plant in Spartanburg, SC, the middle of the cotton belt, which generates over $1. 2 billion in wages and salaries annually (Ramsey, 2009). Thus the race continues, moving from industry to industry, as total production cost dominates companies’ decisions on where to locate manufacturing. However, many of those losing their jobs in America raise the cry to stop globalization, reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets. This would not appear to be a feasible alternative for three reasons. First, the degree of urbanization present in the United States makes it unreasonable to expect food to be produced locally. Similarly, the relative wealth and current lifestyle lead many to expect and demand fresh produce year round. Together, these preclude a shift to locally grown and produced foods. Second, most companies in America today have some aspect of globalization present in their value chain. This can be upstream in their suppliers of materials and/or equipment or downstream in their customers. This is readily apparent in large corporations, such as Nike and WalMart, but it is also present in smaller companies. Rygaard Logging, Inc. out of Port Angeles, Washington is a good example. This small company relies on equipment imported from South Korea and Germany to harvest logs. China has become the largest buyer for timber from the northwest, thus becoming an attractive customer for Rygaard (Springer, 2011). Unwinding these value chains to bring manufacturing back to America may be possible, but would require the will of politicians in Washington to face the public backlash as prices increased, and selections decreased (Rivoli, 2009). Third, the growing population requires more land be utilized for their living and working environment. Current estimates show each person in the US consumes one acre for housing, work facilities, and supporting infrastructure (World Bank, 2011). Further, the current population growth is over 50,000 new people per week (Pimentel & Giampietro, 1994), meaning that over 2. 5 million acres of arable land or bio-diverse forest land is lost annually, increasing the pressure on food production. Plus, these people are generally employed by firms that rely on globalization in their value chain, as described above. Together, these factors make it highly improbable that the US can return to 100% locally produced foods and companies whose value chain resides 100% within America’s boarders without significant changes in lifestyle.

Beowulf-Christianity Or Paganism Essays - Beowulf, Grendels Mother

Beowulf-Christianity Or Paganism Essays - Beowulf, Grendels Mother Beowulf-Christianity or Paganism Beowulf was written in England sometime in the 18th century. "This provides us with an idea of a poem that was written during a time when the society had converted from paganism to Christianity"(Cohen 138). "We know that paganism did exist alongside Christianity during the approximate era that Beowulf was composed"(Hall 61). "The Christian influences were combined with early folklore and heroic legends of dramatic tribes, early Beowulf scholars began to investigate whether or not Christian and biblical influences were added later to originally pagan influences"(Hall 61). "The Christian elements are almost without exception so deeply ingrained in the fabric of the poem that they cannot be explained away as the work of a reviser or later interpolator"(Klaeber 2). The fact that the two values are so closely intertwined in the poem, I believe that is the reason Beowulf has both Christian and pagan influences. The pagan elements in the epic poem Beowulf are evident in the characters superhuman personifications. Beowulf is depicted as a superhero. Beowulf takes it upon himself to save the Danes from Grendel. In his battle with Grendel, Beowulf chooses not to use weapons; he relies on his super strength. During the fight, Beowulf's strength takes over and Beowulf wrestles with Grendel until he is able to rip one of the monster's arms out of its socket. Superhuman feats also appear in the fight with Grendel's mother. When Beowulf enters the water, he swims downward for an entire day before he sees the bottom. He does this without the use of oxygen. During the battle with Grendel's mother, Beowulf realizes that Unferth's sword is useless against the monsters thick skin. He grabs an enormous sword made by giants, almost too heavy to hold and slashes through the monster's body. This superhero strength continues into the battle with the dragon. By this time, Beowulf is an ! old man. He stands up to the dragon and wounds him. Although Beowulf is fatally wounded himself, he still manages to deliver the final blow that kills the dragon. Grendel is also seen as a superhuman monster. Grendel has no knowledge of weapons so he too depends on his extraordinary strength to destroy his enemies. The dragon is also seen as a super powerful adversary. "As in most pagan folklore, the dragon is a much used enemy of the hero of the story"(Greenfield 87). The dragon in Beowulf spits fire with such intense heat that it melts Beowulf's shield to his body. "The author has fairly exalted the fights with fabled monsters into a conflict between the powers of good and evil"(Klaeber 3). These battles are examples of epic folklore during pagan times. The pagan beliefs about immortality are also significant in the poem. "It is believed that a warriors life after death was a continuation of his life on earth" (Greenfield 91). Beowulf's single destiny is to help his people by dying while fighting a supernatural creature. " If Beowulf's confrontation with the dragon is a symbol of evil, then Beowulf's death, to the pagan, would be regarded as a victory for Satan because Beowulf dies"(Greene 66). "The fundamental contrast between the good God and blind fate is shown by the fact that God invariably grants victory, whereas it is a mysterious spell that brings about Beowulf's death"(Klaeber 2). Beowulf wants his body cremated; a very unchristian ritual. " In supernatural elements of pre-Christian association, heathen practices are mentioned in several places such as the vowing of sacrifices at idol fanes, the observing of omens, and the burning of the dead which was frowned upon by the Church"(Klaeber 1). Beowulf wants ! his ashes placed in a memorial tower as a reminder of his bravery. This leaves us the impression of pagan immortality;" the memory in the minds of later men of a hero's heroic actions"(Greene 68). While many pagan influences appear in the poem, Christian overtones dominate. Many of the characters exhibit Christian characteristics. Beowulf has a Christ-like behavior in his humility and charity. Beowulf understands the plight of the Danes that are being oppressed by the evil monster Grendel just as Christ knew of the oppression of the Jewish people. Both set out on a venture

Wreck, Wreak, and Other [rek] Words

Wreck, Wreak, and Other [rek] Words Wreck, Wreak, and Other [rek] Words Wreck, Wreak, and Other [rek] Words By Maeve Maddox I saw this in an article about caring for a laptop: If you store your laptop in the vehicle for any period of time, keep in mind that the extreme temperature ranges within the vehicle could wreck havoc with your laptop. Its not the first time Ive seen the word wreck substituted for wreak in the expression wreak havoc. Both words have similar origins, but in modern usage they are pronounced differently and have different meanings. wreak [reek] v. to bring about, inflict, as in wreak havoc, wreak vengeance wreck [reck] v. to cause ruin or damage wreck [reck] n. something that has been ruined The Old English verb wrecan meant to drive, drive out, avenge. Old Norse had a similar word. In Anglo-French these words evolved into a noun, wrec meaning goods cast ashore after a shipwreck, flotsam. The word reckless has a different origin. The Old English word reccan (past tense rohte) meant to care, to trouble about, heed. From it came a noun, rece meaning care. A reckless person doesnt care what happens. The word reckon comes from another OE verb spelled reccan (past tense reahte). This one meant to expound, relate. One still talks about reckoning accounts, or, in a metaphorical sense, the Final Reckoning. I reckon is a dialect expression for I guess, I suppose. Then theres reek. reek [reek] n. a bad smell reek [reek] v. to emit a bad smell The Old English word rec meant smoke from burning material. Reek acquired the sense of stench in the 17th century. So, back to the words that inspired this article: the next time you want to wreak havoc, dont wreck your credibility by misspelling or mispronouncing wreak. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleHow Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Exercises for Editing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exercises for Editing - Assignment Example To repair a glass window, you will need these tools and materials. The tools include a glass cutter, a putty knife, a window scraper, a chisel, an electric soldering iron, a razor blade, a pair of pliers, and a paint brush. The materials you will need are putty, paint, hand cleaner, linseed oil, and glazier’s points. (15 pts.) You need tools and materials to repair a glass window. Edit the following sentences so they focus on the real subject, focus on the real verb, use the active voice, express parallel elements in parallel structures, do not have misplaced and dangling modifiers, and do not have verbal filler. Each sentence has only one of these kinds of errors. All of the required tasks were completed by the intern. (2 pts.) The intern completed all of the required tasks. Once they wilt, most garden sprays are unable to save vegetable plants from complete collapse. (2 pts.) Most garden sprays are unable to save vegetable plants from complete collapse once they wilt. There are several factors that have caused structure’s strength to be questioned by the engineers. (2pts.) There are several factors about the structure’s strength that made it questionable to the engineers. It is because the price of a college education has soared that many college graduates have accumulated large amounts of debt. (2 pts.) The price of a college education soared that many college graduates have accumulated large amounts of debt. The team leaders have not yet been designated by the project supervisor. (2 pts.)

Trial Proceedings Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trial Proceedings - Research Paper Example There are various steps involved in the process of criminal justice; the basic ones involved are: 1. Investigation of the crime by the police force. This is done to gather the evidence which will identify the suspect in that certain criminal case and will support the arrest. Search – inspecting a certain property or a person – is an important part of the investigation. A standard of proof that is required for search is probable case. Probable case refers to the existence of facts that would indicate that there is evidence of criminal play found at a certain place. 2. If enough evidence is found to make a case, the arrest of the suspect by police force follows – the person charged with a crime is taken in the custody to be held as a suspect until the court rules on this case. To make an arrest, a legal requirement is that of probable cause. Probable cause refers to the existence of a reasonable link between the suspect and the alleged crime. 3. The prosecution of defendant (criminal) is done by the district attorney. To charge the suspect with a crime, the prosecutors have to weigh different factors like the evidence’s strength and the seriousness of crime/offense that defendant is being charged with. 4. Indictment by grand jury or information filing by prosecutor. When prosecution is done for capital offense, an indictment is a necessary requirement under the criminal procedure’s federal rules. A prosecutor has a choice of information or the indictment in the cases that have imprisonment as punishment of the crime. In almost half of the states as well as the federal system, it is the grand jury’s decision whether or not to bring the charges up in a closed hearing against the person if evidence is provided only by the prosecutor. The defendant holds no right of being present at proceedings of the grand jury or get representation by a defence attorney in front of the grand jury. Probable cause is a standard to indict the person for a certain crime. In other states, charging document is filed by a prosecutor. The preliminary hearing then assesses if enough evidence exists to start the trial. To dispute the charges, the defendant or his/her attorney can attend this hearing. 5. Arrangement by the judge. Before the trial starts, the defendant appears in the court to enter a plea. Guilty or not guilty are the most common types of pleas. 6. Pre-trial detention or bail. The temporary custody which the suspect is held in prior to the trial is referred to as detention. The money paid by the defendant to ensure that the suspect makes an appearance for the trial is called the bail. 7. Plea bargaining is done between the prosecutor and defence attorney. This is done usually when the defendant has agreed to plead guilty and in exchange the charges or sentence is reduced for him/her. 8. Trial of guilt with participation of defence attorney and prosecutor by the judge or a jury. A trial before the jury or a judge is held; for a criminal conviction, the standard of the evidence is the guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, which means that even if there isn’t 100 percent certainty, there is more than enough probability. The accused has the entitlement to be acquitted if there is a reasonable doubt. 9. The sentencing. If the defendant is found guilty, the judge passes a sentence. The sentence varies according to the seriousness of

Industrial Property Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Industrial Property Rights - Essay Example The first software patent ever granted is probably a patent for a "computer having slow and quick access storage, when programmed to solve a linear programming problem by an iterative algorithm, the iterative algorithm being such that (...)" applied for in 1962 by British Petroleum Company . The patent relates to solving simultaneous linear equations. The USPTO has traditionally not considered software to be patentable because by statute patents can only be granted to "processes, machines, articles of manufacture, and compositions of matter". In particular patents cannot be granted to "scientific truths" or "mathematical expressions" of them. This means that most of the fundamental techniques of software engineering have never been patented. The USPTO maintained this position, that software was in effect a mathematical algorithm, and therefore not patentable into the 1980's. The position of the USPTO was challenged with a landmark 1981 Supreme Court Case, Diamond v. Diehr. The case involved a device that used computer software to ensure the correct timing when heating, or curing, rubber. Although the software was the integral part of the device, it also had other functions that related to real world manipulation. The court then ruled that as a device to mold rubber, it was a patentable object. The court essentially ruled that while algorithms themselves could not be patented, devices that utilized them could. This ruling wasn't as straightforward as many would have liked, forcing many electronic device makers into the courts to establish that their inventions were in fact patentable. Due to different treatment of federal patent rights in different parts of the country, in 1982 the U.S. Congress created a new court (the Federal Circuit) to hear patent cases. The new circuit rejected rulings from some parts of the country, and nationalized others. For example, the court made patents generally easier to uphold by presuming patents were valid unless proven invalid and weakening the defense of non-obviousness. This court allowed issues, such as patentability of software, to be treated uniformly throughout the US. Due to a few landmark cases in this court, by the early 1990s the patentability of software was well established, and in 1996 the USPTO issued Final Computer Related Examination Guidelines. See Software Patents under United States patent law. Also in 1998, the U.S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, in the case of State Street Bank & Trust Co. v. Signature Financial Group, Inc. (1998), upheld as valid a patent directed to a computer-implemented business method designed to perform financial calculations and data processing for mutual fund investments. This case was important because prior to this decision, it was widely believed that business methods and systems were not patentable. The State Street case made clear that business methods were to be evaluated in the same manner as any other type of process. In 2000, the JPO followed suit and revised its Guidelines to allow for the patenting of computer-implemented business methods when there is clear "involvement of inventive step." Europe The European Patent Convention (EPC) serves as the basis for a harmonized system of patent protection for all members of the European Union. European patents have the same effect as patents granted by each nation under its own national patent laws. Article 52(1) of

Captain Murderer Essay Example for Free

Captain Murderer Essay The gleaming sunlight shone through the dense canopy, piercing his dull chocolate eyes. Edwins dark complexion absorbed the shimmering suns rays, whilst his fellow comrades blossomed vibrantly under the yellow array, and remained a shadow under the bulky oaks. The elves tracked a party of goblins for three vigorous days, hoping to annihilate their clan and finally end the chaos in the vast forest of Hallow. Their steps, as quick as a cheetah and as stealthy as a cat, manoeuvred through the harsh terrain of dense shrubs, decayed logs, and muddy foliage in search of their pray. Edwin was the first of the four to feel the rush of fatigue immersing him, and was left with a drought of energy. Now is not the time to linger comrade, we are right on their tails, stated Myrth, as his sharp eagle eyes glimpsed Edwins sudden loss of momentum. Im sorry fellow kindred, I am somewhat drained from the excess hiking, replied Edwin as he placed himself on a bare rock, gasping to fill his empty lungs with air. As he struggled for oxygen, Edwin looked down upon himself as he glimpsed expressions of displeasure amongst the others as his recovery spent precious minutes. The elves continued their hunt for the corrupted goblins, their magnificent and elegant bows gliding along their slender backs as they pass through the dense terrain. Edwin continued to trail behind due to his lack of stamina, and was continuously eyed for his incompetence. The group stumbled across a recently lit camp fire and was determined it was the goblins. We are drawing near, we must hurry! exclaimed Arwen. As the shimmering rays of the gleaming sun faded away into the glistening spark of the full moon, the elves drew nearer to their enemy. The rigorous trek continued to falter Edwin, but seemed to have had no effect upon the others. With a vague gesture of the hand for halt, Evariah spoke out in a whisper, her piercing eyes glaring in all directions, I sense the enemy nearby. Bows at the ready, the elves treaded cautiously in the dark, damp forest. All of a sudden, a brute axe shot out of the distance and was aimed straight towards Edwin. Myrths superior strength and speed enabled him to shoot an arrow of equal power to counter the anonymous blade, and it simply dropped onto the rigid ground. Out of the shadows, stepped forward a swarm of ravaging goblins with the vicious content to kill. It was an ambush! realised Arwen. Without hesitation, the elves engaged in combat, firing away graceful shots from their Elvin bows, and slashing blissfully with their glorious swords. Every shot and every slash was of perfect precision and targeted the enemys vitals, resulting in an instant kill. The elves started to struggle in holding their ground as the goblins numbers were substantially larger. As the night grew older, more blood was spilt and the elves could not maintain the goblins anymore. FALL BACK! shouted Myrth, FALL BACK! The elves swiftly evaded many of their fierce attackers and dashed into the dark, densely packed oaks. Followed closely behind, was the uproar of swarming goblins with monstrous axes in their demeaning grasp. Edwin followed Myrth and the others in escaping the large mass. As the gruesome wails grew less with every step, they were convinced that they had escaped the horrible goblins. Suddenly, a twisted cry fell upon their narrow-tipped ears and a goblin swung its sharp steel axe, piercing Edwins leg. Evariah quickly responded with a gracious swing of her divine blade across its distorted neck, and it fell instantly. Edwin roared in pain, and consequently attracted the rampaging goblins. We must flee now! exclaimed Arwen. The sound of screaming monsters gradually increased and the group grew ever more hesitant of the situation. I cannot move my leg, comrades! shrieked Edwin. He cannot make it. We do not have the strength to carry him in our current state, we must make haste! Leave him be. Arwen declared. There is no other choice Arwen is right. You will only drag us behind, agreed Myrth reluctantly. But wait! protested Edwin. However, it was too late. They made their decision. They turned their back on him. The volume of the endless wailing of goblins increased as the figures of his so called comrades dissolved behind the tall, solid oaks. Edwins insides burned in a feeling of sorrow, misery and anger. His wound was deep, but did not harm him more than his feeling of rejection. Well, well, well. Look at what we have! Elf Scum, claimed the goblin, proudly. Edwin could do nothing more but stare into the goblins red repugnant eyes and justify his comrades despicable actions. What? An elf that cant talk! Haha! laughed the goblin. Edwin made no sound but felt betrayed. He could do nothing more, his mind became obscured and blinded him the fact that he was surrounded by the enemy. He slowly panned his view in disarray, and then felt a large blunt object strike his head. Edwin woke up, and found himself in a large, foul pit, with a throbbing headache. Both his hands and feet were cuffed securely, and tried frantically to escape, but was all in vein. The sad and deprived elf sat there in the dusty corner, hugging his bare knees, asking himself, why? Heavy footsteps approached and the familiar face of the wretched goblin presented itself in front of Edwin again. Its grin revealed the black and decayed teeth behind those battered lips. What will you do with me? asked the elf bluntly. Its foul grin grew wider. Nothing, he simply replied. As an elf, you are immortal. So I am going to do nothing with you, and let you rot in that pit for the rest of eternity. The elf was not surprised, nor did he care. He simply sat there, staring at the moist soil surrounding him. After a long pause, the goblin blatantly asked, You are an elf. Why are you not as beautiful as the rest? Oh I am much more beautiful than they are. I would never have succumbed in letting one of my comrades fall behind and get captured, the elf replied, still staring into the vast shades of brown in the soil. Haha. Maybe they disowned you because of how hideous you are! laughed the goblin. Infuriated, the elf exclaimed That is a very bold statement, especially coming from the likes of you! With clenched teeth, deep breathing, and a violent glare in his eyes, the elf rose up and twisted his arms around his neck. He pulled the metal chains as tight as he could, and as the light from his dull, chocolate eyes faded away, dropped to the ground.

Jean-Baptiste Lully :: essays research papers fc

Jean Baptiste Lully was a prolific composer who is best known for establishing French Opera. (Boynick) Born in Florence on the 28th of November 1632, (Boynick) Giovanni Battista Lulli was a miller’s son. (Sadie 2000 pg 166) Lully first arrived in France in March of 1646 (Jean Baptiste Lully) to work as an attendant for a female courtier. (Sadie 2000 pg. 166) â€Å"During his six years in her household, Lully, already an expert at the guitar and violin, polished his skills as a performer and composer.† (Straughan (a)) He made a name for himself as a dancer in the court ballets. (Straughan (a)) He caught the attention of King Louis XIV and initially served him as "composer of instrumental music† (Straughan (a)) He soon took over compositions of entire ballets. (Straughan (a)) â€Å"Some time before 1656, he also took over responsibility for the string ensemble called the Petits violons, which he transformed into a group widely renowned for their discipline and artistic excellence.† (Straughan (a)) A clever diplomatist and thorough courtier, he completely won the royal favour, and in March, 1672, he succeeded in ousting Abbe Perrin from the directorship of the Academy of Music, also known as â€Å"the Academie Royale†. (Knight) â€Å"Ten years later he had consolidated his position by obtaining sole rights over all dramatic performances with singing.†(Sadie 2000 pg. 166) â€Å"Any production not affiliated with The Academie Royale was limited to two singers and six players.† (Jean Baptiste Lully) From that point on, he successfully founded modern French opera. â€Å"His involvement was not limited to musical composition. He collaborated with his poets in the production of libretti, and even took an interest in the acting and declamation of the performers. His insistence on discipline and high artistic standards in the opera orchestra was legendary† (Straughan (a)) â€Å"Louis XIV became ill in late 1686.† (Jean Baptiste Lully) While conducting a Te Deum on January 8, 1687, (Straughan (a)) to celebrate the king's recovery Lully accidentally hit his foot with the point of the cane he used to keep time. (Sadie 2000 pg. 166) This wound caused an abscess which proved fatal as Lully died on March 22, 1687. (Straughan (a)) Jean Baptiste Lully made significant contributions to French music. His initial compositions â€Å"ballets de cour† didn’t deviate from the Italian forms. (Straughan (a)) They were merely collections of dances and burlesque scenes. (Gregory) â€Å"A step in Lully’s progression from ballet to opera was the increased role of music in his ballets.

Children Growing Up to Fast

Scott 1 What if you were in the body of a transgender? How would you feel about your health? Is the cost and risk of health toward being trans worth it? Access to health care is a fundamental human right. Transgender people face the greatest barriers to qualify health care and finding acceptance. Transgenders are considered a minority and abnormal still in the generation today. Tran’s gender is a term used to describe people whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth. Transgender persons are often reluctant to seek medical care through a traditional provider-patient relationship.Some are even turned away by providers. A doctor who refuses to treat a trans person may be acting out of fear and transphobia, or may have a religious bias against LGBT patients. It's also possible that the doctor simply doesn't have the knowledge or experience he needs. Furthermore, health care related to transgender issues is usually not covered by insurance, so it is more expens ive. Whatever the reasons, transgender people have sometimes become very ill because they were afraid to visit their providers.Tran’s persons may hide important details of their health history from their doctors. Perhaps they fear being denied care if their history is known. Even many years after surgery, they may omit the history of their transition when seeing a new provider. Patients should see their provider as an equal partner in their health care, not as a gatekeeper or an obstacle to be overcome. Health risk factors of trans people needs to be exposed to others. National gay and lesbian task force and National Centers for Transgenders surveyed: .Nearly 1 in 5 (19 percent) reported being refused care outright because they were transgender or gender non-conforming. .Survey participants reported very high levels of postponing medical care when sick or injured due to discrimination and disrespect (28 percent). .50 percent if trans do not have any form of health insurance. .Harassment: 28 percent of respondents were subjected to harassment in medical settings. Scott 2 .Significant lack of provider knowledge: 50 percent of the sample reported having to teach their medical providers about transgender care. Respondents reported more than four times the national average of HIV infection, 2. 64 percent transgender compared to 0. 6 percent in the general population (Tanis). Transgender man Jay Kallio is shining a light on LGBT discrimination in the medical community. After his own physician failed to inform him of a cancer diagnosis. When Kallio, 56, underwent a medical exam at a major New York hospital, he claims that the surgeon appeared bewildered by his patient's body. Though the doctor ordered a mammogram, he failed to inform Kallio that the lump on his breast had tested positive for cancer.Kallio, which transitioned from female to male six years ago, learned of his condition â€Å"accidentally† when a lab technician called to inquire about the diagnosis. â€Å"Which diagnosis? † Kallio asked, bewildered as well. â€Å"I kept hitting this stone wall of non-acceptance,† Kallio told the New York Daily News (Reynolds). Laws that protect transgender: The Affordable Care Act (passed by President Obama) prohibits sex discrimination in hospitals and other health programs or facilities receiving federal financial assistance.In recent years, courts have increasingly held that sex nondiscrimination protections prohibit discrimination against people who are transgender or who fail to conform to gender stereotypes. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects the privacy of individually identifiable health information, including information related to a person’s transgender status and transition. It also gives patients the right to access, inspect, and copy their protected health information held by hospitals, clinics, and health plans.A state and local nondiscrimination law, nearly eve ry state prohibits sex discrimination in public accommodations, which usually includes health care facilities. The following states, as well as more than 150 cities and counties, also currently explicitly prohibit both gender identity and sexual orientation discrimination in health care facilities: California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. Others laws that stops discriminationScott 3 are Medicare and Medicaid regulations, Hospital Accreditation Standards and The Nursing Home Reform Act. (â€Å"Health care rights and transgender people†). Cross-gender hormone therapy give desirable feminizing (or masculinizing) effects, but carries its own unique risks. Average monthly cost of prescriptions range from $50-200 and hormone therapy can last up to 2 or 5 years depending on how long it takes to fully achieve the body figure you want. Hormones are d elivered through the body by oral ingestion pills, injections, pellets under the skin.Vaginal cream or patch (â€Å"Transgender Health†). Estrogen has the potential to increase the risk of blood clotting, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, water retention; reduction of sperm count, decrease of male sex drive, changes in hunger patterns. Anti-androgens such as spironolactone can produce dehydration, low blood pressure, and electrolyte disturbances. Testosterone, especially when given orally or in high doses, carries the risk of liver damage and increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Hormone use should be appropriately monitored by the patient and provider.Some trans people tend to obtain hormones and other treatment through indirect means, by passing the health care system. Taking hormones without supervision can result in doses too high or too low, with undesired results. Trans can minimize some dangers of hormone therapy by regular checkups, exercise, and work ing closely with a doctor to follow a healthy diet (â€Å"Hormones and their effects†). Hormone-related cancer (breast in trans women, liver in women or men) is very rare but should be included in health screening. A greater worry is cancer of the reproductive organs (â€Å"Access to Care and Cancer Disparity Fact Sheet†).Trans men who have not had removal of the uterus, ovaries, or breasts are still at risk to develop cancer of these organs and are unlikely to have a mammogram. Tran’s women remain at risk, although low, for cancer of the prostate. They avoid prostate screening because they do not identify with that part anymore. Furthermore, some providers are uncomfortable with treating such cancers in trans people. Some cases have been reported in which persons delay seeking treatment, or are refused treatment, until the cancer has spread (â€Å"Facts for life Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual†).Scott 4 Cardiovascular health refers to the heart and blood of a hum an being. Many trans people use smoking to cope with stress. Trans persons may be at increased risk for heart attack or stroke, not only from hormone use but from cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension, and failure to monitor cardiovascular risks. Tran’s women may fear that a provider who finds them at risk for cardiovascular disease will instruct them to stop their hormones, and so they do not seek medical attention even when they have early warning signs of heart disease or stroke.Tran’s people can reduce their risk by cutting down/ stop smoking, limit alcohol use, eating healthy, being physically active, and not taking more hormones than what’s been prescribed. Alcohol abuse is common in transgender people who experience family and social rejection, and the depression with accompanies such rejection. Alcohol combined with sex hormone administration increases the risk of liver damage. Tobacco use is high among all trans persons, especially those who use toba cco to maintain weight loss. Risks of heart attack and stroke are increased in persons who smoke tobacco and take estrogen or testosterone.Also an increased risk of lung and liver cancer due to taking hormones and doing drugs. A study showed 59% of teenagers who identified themselves as transgender reported using tobacco products, compared to 35% of straight teenagers (â€Å"ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & OTHER DRUG PROBLEMS†). Many trans people are overweight. Exercise or fitness is not a priority, and they may be working long hours to support their transitions. A healthy diet and a frequent exercise routine are just as important for trans persons as for the public.Exercise prior to sex reassignment surgery will reduce a person's operative risk and promote faster recovery. Also it will help your cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, mental stress, and improving blood circulation. Trans people, especially youth, may be rejected by their families and find themselves homeless. They may be forced into sex work to make a living, and therefore at high risk for STDs including HIV. Other trans people may practice unsafe sex when they are beginning to experience sexuality in their desired gender. Safe sex is still possible even in transgender relationships (CiChocki).Some reuse or share needles to inject their hormones because of the Scott 5 insurance industry’s unwillingness to cover hormonal therapy. As in any population, these sexual behaviors and sharing needles increase HIV transmission risk (â€Å"HIV among transgender people†). Some trans women want physical feminization without having to wait for the effects of estrogen. They expect injectable silicone to give them â€Å"instant curves. † The silicone is toxic to the body it could migrate into the tissues of the body and cause disfigurement, pain, swelling, and blistering of the skin.It is usually not medical grade, may contain many contaminants, and is often injected using a shared needle. Hepatitis or HIV/ AIDS may be spread through use of contaminated needles. Also toxic poisoning due to low-grade, non-medical silicone. Hormones or plastic surgery is the safest options for feminizing the body. The National Coalition for LGBT Health has deemed injection silicone use among transgender populations in the U. S. (â€Å"HEALTH IMPACT OF ADULTERATED SILICONE ON TRANSGENDER HEALTH†). For many reasons, trans people are particularly prone to depression and anxiety.In addition to loss of family and friends, bullying and harassment in school, social isolation, they face job stress and the risk of unemployment. Tran’s people (especially children/ teens) who have not transitioned and remain in their birth gender are very prone to depression and anxiety. Suicide is a risk, both prior to transition and afterward or overdosing on hormones . One of the most important aspects of the transgender therapy relationship is management of depression and/or anxiety. Chr onic stress is known for heart disease.For trans people who are not out, the stress of keeping the secret and fear of being discovered as trans can be trandensly stressful. Living in a transphobic society, they believe there is something wrong with being trans. Being uncomfortable around other trans people, not accepting yourself as a trans or having low self-esteem. For some people peer support and activism are useful ways of overcoming and building pride. Professional counseling can also be helpful. LGBT task force surveyed a staggering: . 1 percent of respondents reported attempting suicide compared to 1. 6 percent of the general population. .At least one transgender is murdered every month Scott 6 .55 percent of trans youth report being physically attacked .More than half tran was bullied, harassed or assaulted in school because of their identity and has tried to commit suicide. (In my opinion words kill people) An example could be 31 year old in Philadelphia, Stacy Blahnik (tra nsgender) was found murdered in her home on October 11, 2010 by being strangled to death (â€Å"Glaads transgender resources†). See picture of Stacy on after work cited page) This issue is closely similar to the article A Boys Life by, JoAnn Wypijewski. On October 7, 1997 a young, gay, collage boy named Matthew Shepard was brutally beaten, tied to the fence and left to die. He was found 18 hours later unconscious. Matthew was taken to a hospital, where he later died. The author suggests that the murder of Matthew by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson was not because he was gay but because Aaron and Russell were straight. It was considered a hate crime because of Matthews’s sexual orientation (Wypijewski 589-591).Our goal today is to improve health, safety and wellbeing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals so they feel accepted into the world. We are all made the same. We all have a heart, a brain, etc. But why do we judge people by their appeara nce and their thoughts or mind? Or what type of person they are? For all you know they could be sweet and kind but you never knew that because you didn’t give them a chance or get to know them. I know two transgender from school. Named Sean from Salem Hyde elementary and Aliyiah from Henninger high school.I gave them a chance and we still talk on and off today. Tran’s people will always face discrimination, bullying, violence feel hatred, and be confused. But it’s up to us to stop it by trying to help them, put Tran’s people in media so people could get used to seeing Trans people, being their friend, participating in antidiscrimination organizations, having neutral bathrooms, and standing up to them. If a majority of people in our world did this maybe Tran’s people would feel they are normal and accepted in society. What do you think?

Leadership Skills

Leadership Assignment – 1,500 words â€Å"Leadership is a skill that anyone can learn and successfully apply† Discuss. Nothing happens without leadership. Nothing changes without leadership. Nothing develops without leadership. Nothing improves without leadership. Nothing is corrected without leadership. Everyone, everywhere, every time is always being led. Leadership is perpetually exercised daily whether by a politician, priest, parent, boss or teacher. Leaders are not born. They are made through a never ending process of self study, education, training and experience backed up with a strong desire and willpower. They grow out of opportunities and projects. What is leadership? Leadership is therefore a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs a group in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leadership is also the capacity to influence others through inspiration generated by a passion, motivated by a vision, birthed by conviction and produced by a purpose. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge and skills. There are three basic ways to explain how people become leaders; they are: a)Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is called trait theory b)A crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the great events theory. c)People can choose to become leaders through the learning of leadership skills. This is the transformational leadership theory. In this theory, the leader his team to be effective and efficient. Usually, communication is the base for goal achievement focusing the group on the final desired outcome. The leader is highly visible and uses a chain of command to get things done. Transformational leaders focus on the big picture, needing to be surrounded by people who take care of details; the leader is always looking for ideas that move the group to reach their vision. Factors of leadership: There are four major factors in leadership, they are: a)Follower: Without followership, there is no leadership. It is through the followers that the leader gets his vision/s accomplished. The leader must know his/her people. The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as needs, emotions and motivation b)Leader: The leader must have an honest understanding of who he is, what he knows and what he can do. Since it is the followers, not the leader who determines if a leader is successful. ; if they don't trust or lack confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired. To be successful as a leader, you have to convince your followers, not yourself or superiors, that you are worthy of being followed. )Communication: leadership is through a two way communication system, much of which is non verbal. For instance, when the leader â€Å"sets the example† that communicates to his team that he would not ask them to perform anything that he would not ask them to do. What and how he communicates either builds or harms the relationship between him and his team. d)Situation: All are different. What is done in one situation will no t always work in another. The leader must use his judgement to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront a team member for inappropriate behaviour, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective. Various forces will affect these factors. Examples of forces are relationship with seniors, the skill of your team, the informal leaders within the team and how the team is organised. Skill is the ability coming from one's knowledge, practice or aptitude to do something well; since leadership is a skill, there is therefore the need to learn and grow in the application of leadership abilities. Good leadership is a result of the active practice and application of the rights skills which can become a part of the leader's style over time. Below are some essential leadership skills that should be learnt and practised for optimum performance, they are: a)Setting an example: This is the most persuasive leadership skill. A good leader sets a positive example in these ways: Following instructions: following instructions, obeying the law and carrying out tasks in the recommended manner points out that rules and procedures are important. Showing initiative: A good leader must do what has to be done without waiting to be told or forced to act. An effective leader respects the good suggestions of the group member and encourages each person to show initiative. Acting with maturity: An effective leader shows good judgement. The group members see that the leader's personal behaviour is directed towards accomplishing the task. Knowing the job: Generally, a leader should have a mastery of the skills to be used. If not, the leader must apply the resources of the group towards achieving the task. Keeping a positive attitude: a positive attitude is vital as an example to group members. The leader's personal frustration or discouragement should never be apparent. Failure should be considered a potential learning process . Enthusiasm is contagious. b)Counselling: counselling in one form or another goes on constantly as the leader works with the members of the group. It can be used to encourage or reassure an individual, to develop a more effective member of the group or help solve a specific problem. Counselling is helpful when a person needs encouragement, should have more information bearing on his or her tasks, needs helping in interpreting facts or is uncertain about what to do or the leader feels the need to correct a situation. There are six keys to good counselling: Listen carefully. Give undivided attention to what the person is saying. Ask yourself â€Å"Do I understand what the person is trying to say Summarize frequently to assure understanding , keep on track and check what is being told Additional information might be all that is needed. The person might not have all the facts or might not know all the resources available. The counsellor must be sure to give information, not advice The person must be encouraged to think of different ways of handling the problem. Above all, the counsellor must not give advice. The objective of counselling is to lead the individual to his or her own solution. c)Communication: This involves several factors such as receiving, storing, retrieving, giving and interpreting information. It is important that members of a group communicate freely with each other. To improve one's skills in communicating as a leader, the following needs to be done; Pay attention and listen carefully. Make notes and sketches Ask questions and repeat your understanding of what was said Be sure others are listening before you speak Speak slowly and clearly Draw diagrams, if needed. Ask those receiving information to take notes Have the listeners repeat their understanding of what was said. Encourage questions. d)Controlling group performance: A leader influences the performance of the group and individual members through his/her actions. A group needs control as an engine needs a throttle to keep it from running itself into the ground. A group works together best when everybody is headed in same direction. If a plan is to be properly carried out, someone must lead the effort. Control is a function that the group assigns to the leader to get the job done. Control happens as a result of recognising the difference between where the group is and where the group is going. The leader is responsible for developing a plan to help the group get to its goal. Setting the example is the most effective way of controlling the group. e)Evaluation: The skill of evaluation helps leaders to measure the performance of a group/team in getting a job done and working together. It suggests ways in which the group/leader can improve its performance. There are two basics categories of evaluation questions. After any event or activity, these questions should be asked: Was the job done? Was the job done right? Was the job done on time? Were relationships between group participant helped or hurt? Was participation equally distributed among group participants? Did the group enjoy the activity? Did the group handle conflicts well? f)Planning: This is a very essential skill that must be learnt by any leader striving to succeed on his/her assignment. The following is a simple process for developing planning skills: Consider the task and objectives. What do you want to accomplish? Consider the resources- equipment, knowledge, skills and attitude Consider the alternatives. Brainstorm Reach a decision, evaluating each option. Write the plan down and review accordingly Execute the plan Evaluate the plan g)Effective teaching: Effective teaching is a process to increase the knowledge, skills and attitude of the group. The focus is on learning, not teaching. Therefore, for teaching to be effective, learning must take place. The following steps are necessary for effective teaching to take place; they include; Choosing the learning objective Providing a discovery experience that helps the learner understand the need for the skill Demonstrating or explaining the skill Allowing the learner to practice the skill Evaluating the process