Establishing Special Courts Catering to Human Trafficking Cases Essay

Last 2012, Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo, an envoy from the United Nations visited the Philippines to observe the situation of human trafficking in the country. Ms. Ezeilo stated that â€Å"the Philippines is undoubtedly a source country for human trafficking, and the problem is not declining. † One of the solutions she proposed to address the problem were special courts catering to human trafficking cases. (Reyes, 2012. ) Human trafficking thrives in poverty & lack of education, which are the main catalysts for individuals to be ushered into trafficking. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. These are some of the problems the government is facing, and the two are very interconnected because they are the cause and effects of each other. Poverty leads to lack of education, and lack of education leads to poverty. The government is doing what they can to help minimize the issue, but they admit that it would take some time. (Sisante, 2008. ) Education is a way to combat trafficking, due to the fact that education leads to decent employment, and a well-informed individual would be more aware of the dangers of being trafficked, thus preventing it to happen in his/her life. However, ideal this may sound, it is not possible to solve poverty and lack of education in a snap. There has to be other solutions to consider that could be done now and would have a great impact. The establishment of special courts tackling specifically human trafficking-oriented cases is a practical solution that would greatly expedite the process of punishing human traffickers and by extension greatly reduce the number of cases of human trafficking in the Philippines, helping alleviate its social, economic, and political consequences. Before special courts as a solution is to be discussed any further, it is important to define what a special court is. Specialized courts are defined by the International Journal for Court Administration as â€Å"tribunals of narrowly focused jurisdiction to which all cases that fall within that jurisdiction are routed. † (Zimmer, 2009) The following paragraphs are going to discuss the counterarguments against special courts, and would be briefly refuted before the three main arguments in favor of special courts are presented. The opposition may claim special courts as an unnecessary expenditure and inaccessible. They claim that it is unnecessary because the creation of new courts is onerous and constitutes unnecessary expenditures, particularly if cases are seasonal, and funds could go to waste if it remains idle. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The creation of a court would automatically imply expenditures. The court has to pay for the administrative costs, the physical court, and other expenses needed to assist the victims, like court psychiatrists. It would also require effort on the judiciary, and the Supreme Court, due to the fact that special courts have to be set-up with care in order for its potential in eliminating cases to be maximized. Zimmer, 2009) However, funding is not a strong argument, because the government has money. It is the proper allocation of the funds, or budgeting that is in question. The government has established special courts for environmental cases in 2008, 117 to be exact. (Salaveirra, 2008) If the government has placed effort enough to set up courts to save the environment, shouldn’t it be a priority to set up courts to fight for human trafficking victims, who have been robbed of their rights? Human rights should always be kept in the priority list of the government. Recently, it has been reported that the government is funding the Department of Health with 500 million pesos for contraceptives for the year 2013. One of their aims was to ‘combat poverty’. (Fernandez, 2012. ) This shows that the government tries to prioritize the poor, however it just shows that they haven’t thought of more practical ways to combat poverty, without being morally questionable, and without robbing humans the right to life. Chief Justice Puno stated that preservation of human rights and the right to life should be considered more than the financial burden a special court entails. Rempillo, 2007. ) This is what the special court for human trafficking should be for, to fight for rights. A $1. 5 million budget or almost ? 65 million is allotted by the national government to support operations against human trafficking, prosecution of offenders, and for the protection of the public. (IACAT, 2012. ) The special courts would allow this budget to be maximized to its full potential in expediting human trafficking cases. Public access could also be limited. Some judges prefer not to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to criminal cases. Bakker, 1997) Public access may also be limited due to the fact that you cannot establish it everywhere, and the judges are most likely to stay in their respective courts. If public access is considered a problem, then strategically locating these physical courts would be the solution. To place special courts in accessible areas in which the cases are numerous could actually help the victims to easily access justice. Some judges may not want to be in a special court setting because it limits their trials to specific criminal cases. (Bakker, 1997. However, this could turn into an advantage because if they keep seeing the same class of cases over and over again, they could render out decisions faster and more efficiently, due to a better understanding of the cases that they deal with. (Zimmer, 2009. ) There are three solutions to human trafficking: prosecution, prevention, and protection. (EHTN, n. d. ) The establishment of special courts would aid in prosecution, due to the speedy justice it serves, prevention, since it is an effective deterrent for criminals involved, and protection, due to its aims in protecting the victims, and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case. The following paragraphs would elaborate more on why special courts should be established. Firstly, special courts would aid in prosecution and are practical. This is supported by the prevalence of human trafficking, the poor enforcement of justice, specifically in human trafficking cases, the need to distinguish human trafficking as a family of cases that should be differentiated from labor contract violations, the legal precedents such as previous special courts set-up for heinous crimes, and the successful implementation of human trafficking courts in other nations. Human trafficking is a serious issue in the Philippines. As pointed out by the UN envoy Ezeilo, the Philippines is a source country for human trafficking. (Reyes, 2012. ) This is due to the fact that when Filipinos go abroad for work opportunities, they get vulnerable to recruitment by fraudulent recruitment agencies. Internal trafficking is also a serious issue because forced labor, prostitution, child labor, and other forms of trafficking are victimizing people who are moving from rural areas to urban centers. [para, US Department of State, 2011 as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. , n. d. )] The rise of human trafficking cases in the Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, is 97% in 2012, in comparison to the cases filed in 2010. There were 436 human trafficking victims in Central Visayas alone. (â€Å"State prosecutors see increase.. †, 2012) Another alarming detail is the prevalence of child labor. There has been an estimation of more than 2. 2 million working children aged 15-17 in the country. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. †, n. d. It is also believed that 60,000-100,000 Filipino children are involved in prostitution rings. (Challenger, 2010. ) The previous information stated imply that there are thousands of potential cases to be filed, and special courts would help in fast-tracking the cases to avoid backlog, and to insure fair and speedy justice. The government has fallen short in the enforcement of justice in dealing with human trafficking cases. There were 680 pending or ongoing cases, and an additional 129 cases pending at the Department of Justice during the year 2012. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons.. †, 2012. ) This shows a huge amount of backlog and ongoing cases, which shows the prevalence of the cases, and the lack of efficiency on the part of the judiciary when it comes to dealing with human trafficking cases. In the Philippines, it takes three to four years to conclude human trafficking cases, which supports the previous statement about the inefficiency of the judiciary. Human trafficking is a family of cases. It is an organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited. Forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, forced labor, child labor, selling of organs, and recruitment of children in military work, are forms of human trafficking. (â€Å"Human Trafficking: Organized Crime.. †, 2012) These crimes (except for the selling of organs) are usually confused with labor contract violations, in which the special court would come in handy. In 2012, there have only been two out of twenty-nine traffickers convicted for labor exploitation, showing that the judiciary is not paying enough attention to it. â€Å"Trafficking in Persons†¦ †, 2012. );(Reyes, 2012. ) The special court would help differentiate the two, and allow the human trafficking cases to be dealt with properly. (â€Å"Trafficking in Persons†¦ †, 2012) Expertise and uniformity are traits of special courts, and could be put to good use so that there is consistency in applying the law. The expertise of judges in specialized courts are likely to produce better decisions in the respective cases and are less likely to generate appeals to be taken. (Zimmer, 2009. ) The judiciary has established several special courts for other cases, which gives a legal precedent for human trafficking courts. The Administrative circular no. 104-96 from the Supreme Court discusses the establishment of special courts that cater to heinous crimes for speedy and efficient justice. (â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This document shows that special courts have been done before, so it implies that it can be done again. Environmental courts, extrajudicial killings, and tax courts are some of the examples of special courts established in the Philippines. Representative Mel Senen Sarmiento of the first district of Samar is pushing for the creation of special courts for human trafficking, saying that â€Å"the Philippines is close to Somalia and Myanmar as regards trafficking, merchandising their people like cattle. If congress can create courts for drug traffickers why not a court for human traffickers too? † (Quirante, 2010. ) In other nations such as Dubai and India, special human trafficking courts have been effectively established. Dubai believes that the special human trafficking courts established would speed up cases. Constantine, 2010. ) Meanwhile, the human trafficking court in Mumbai disposed a large backlog of cases in a span of a year, which included 438 cases, and convictions in 81 cases. It also ordered the closure of 11 brothels. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed†, 2011) This proves that it is an effective solution to exercise justice, and to help bring criminals behind bars. A political benefit that the Phili ppines could gain from establishing special courts is the improvement of the nation’s ranking in the United States’ Trafficking in Persons Report. Currently, the nation is ranked in tier 2, which means that the country is making significant efforts to fight human trafficking, but it does not yet meet minimum standards. Why should the nation take an effort in improving our tier ranking? If the nation falls into tier 3, the US would withhold or withdraw non-humanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance as a consequence. (â€Å"Tiers: Placement†¦ †, 2011) This is important because not only would the country be able to maintain the implementation of rights, but also maintain good diplomatic relations with the United States. Secondly, special courts would help prevent human trafficking. This is due to the fact that the courts would be an effective deterrent to the criminals involved in the crime. It would lessen the economic advantages and benefits that make the industry appealing to people, and it would help alleviate the economic and political consequences of human trafficking. When the suspects, and people who are interested in getting involved in the industry, see that justice is being enforced, they will eventually act on their fear of being caught and possibly stop in their advances. If not, the possibility of them being caught could possibly increase as society becomes more and more aware of human trafficking, and more confident in filing complaints as they see justice being served. Not only would it put criminals behind bars, but it would also put their name to shame. In the first quarter of 2013, a new law was signed by President Benigno Aquino. Republic Act 10364, the Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012, removed the confidentiality provision in the previous law, RA 9208. RA 9208 does not allow the names and circumstances of the victims and the criminal to be made public at any stage of investigation, rescue, prosecution and trial. With the confidentiality clause removed, this allows the public to know the identity of the criminals, so as not to risk being victimized by them. (Punay, 2013. ) With the special court at hand, the criminals would not only be humiliated publicly, but they will be put to justice quickly. Special courts could aid in alleviating the loss of human resources due to trafficking. In human trafficking, the labor force is misused and therefore, is kept from contributing to the nation’s economy that causes the loss of revenue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) The labor force should be able to provide for their family and contribute to taxes for the betterment of the nation, but with the potential labor force being exploited in human trafficking, this does not allow them to do so. With putting the criminals behind bars in a more efficient way, it prevents people from being trafficked in the first place. Special courts could also eventually help stop the unlawful distribution of national wealth, and influences markets, political power, and societal relations. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008) Traffickers affect fair competition due to the fact that some companies outsource their productions for a cheaper price, not knowing that trafficked people are used in the factories. Traffickers make 32 billion annually. Not only is it untaxed, but people who actually provided the labor do not gain from this. (â€Å"An Introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) Special courts would also lessen human trafficking’s political implications due to illegal immigration. Migration policies are tightened because of illegal immigration. Due to these policies, victims are forced to enter other countries illegally, and when they are caught, the may be considered as collaborators which makes the implementation of rights as an issue. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) This could also lead to giving people difficult time in looking for better work opportunities abroad, due to the fact that they could not migrate easily. It benefits people in a way that trafficking could be prevented, but traffickers find other ways to get the victims through the borders. Trafficking victims and smuggled people are different because smuggled people gain their freedom when they reach their destination while trafficked victims are not. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the courts established, and the criminals sent behind bars, the opportunity for them to traffic more innocent people in ther nations, where they are subject to human rights violations. It is important to refer to the Mumbai Special court, that was successful in eradicating trafficking in the city to some extent due to the closing of human-trafficking related businesses, and justice being served to the criminals. (â€Å"US Officials Impressed†¦ †, 2011) Lastly, special courts would reintegrate the victim to society faster. Human trafficking, as a grave violation to human rights, has a psychological effect on vic tims. The protection of the victims and the witnesses during the timeframe of the case’s trial is also a vital need required of the law, and without this protection, the timeframe is lengthened. There is also a need to make society realize that the victim was at no fault to push it to accept the victim again. How do these things contribute to faster reintegration of the victim to society? Psychological and medical help is required of the law, and it is the court’s duty to make sure that the victim gets to enjoy these benefits. RA 9208, 2003. ) Most human trafficking victims experience post-traumatic stress, which should be brought into attention so that it could be alleviated, thus helping the victim live a normal life again. (Williamson, Dutch, Clawson, 2012. ) This is due to the victims being drugged or being deprived of their basic needs such as food as â€Å"motivation† to work by their traffickers. (Challenger, 2010. ) It is presumed that the specialized court wou ld assist the victims properly, and according to their needs. (Reyes, 2012. ) Another responsibility of the court is to ensure protection of not only the victim, but also the witness. It is required by the Anti-Trafficking law. (RA 9208, 2003. ) This would insure protection so that both victims and witnesses won’t be afraid to tell the truth. (Reyes, 2012. ) Dubai believes that the special human trafficking court would provide a safe environment for witnesses. (Constantine, 2010. ) Fear suppresses the implementation of justice. Fear of retaliation causes the victims and/or witnessed to withdraw or decline cooperation which leads to a lengthy trial. In 2010, only 3 trafficking cases were assisted by the Department of Justice due to unwillingness of the victims. (US Department of State, 2011. as cited by (â€Å"Human Trafficking in East Asia & Pacific.. †, n. d. ) The less time it takes to conclude the case, the easier it is for the victim to cooperate, because in slow trials, there is a fear of the possibility of the accused party could retaliate and scare off the victim and/or witnesses. In Philippine Special Courts, mandatory continuous trial that should be terminated within 60 days and the decision should be rendered within 30. â€Å"Administrative Circular No. 104-96†, 1996) This timeframe is reasonable enough to allow the court to collect evidences and investigate, and for the judge to study the case well in order to render a fair decision. Special courts, when they implement justice, would help society realize that the victim was not at fault. It would help society accept the victim. In most cases, being traf ficked affects the social stigma of the victim, who is disapproved for returning without promised wealth. Society has the tendency to blame the victim for disgracing his/herself and his/her family due to the fact that they don’t realize that the trafficker is at fault, and not the victim. (â€Å"An introduction to Human Trafficking†, 2008. ) With the special court, it would be made clear that the victim was, indeed a victim, and did not consent to the injustices that he/she suffered. This would also show that the government is, indeed, taking the issue seriously, and will do what they can to make sure that the offenders pay for their crimes. It would also help society become aware of the seriousness of human trafficking as an issue in the country. The establishment of special courts is a good and practical solution that could be immediately applied by the nation. With the implications that the establishment of the special courts is to be well-studied by the judiciary for good implementation, resulting in good, educated decisions in choosing qualified staff, strategic placement of physical courts, then the special court would be maximized in helping towards the eradication of human trafficking.

Miller introduce them into the book Essay

This shows that the girls want some recognition and gain authority by accusing innocent people of witchcraft. The people of Salem’s biggest fear was the defiance of God and so when Abigail and her assemblage spoke out against witchcraft everybody heeded their words and gave them the attention that they wanted. By pretending to be doing God’s work the girls become more important than before and use their power to make people believe what they want. This is why they are believed and never themselves impugned. One of the most noticeable themes of the book is heroism. Throughout the book there are many examples of this theme. The two most obvious events in the book which display heroism, if not somewhat controversially, are the deaths of Giles Cory and John Proctor. Cory’s death was heroic but it is possible to see the hanging of Proctor from a different perspective. It could be said that it was not a hero’s action to die but that of a guilty and cowardly man. In the book Miller, as well as Proctor, openly tells us of the characters mistakes. The reason Proctor chooses to be hung is because he could not bear to have his reputation tarnished. It could also be said though that he just could not bear the embarrassment of pleading innocence in order to save his life. John Proctor can be perceived as either a hero or a coward. I think that Proctor was a hero in this book. The way the book talks of him leads me to think of him as a well respected and highly thought of individual. I think that his actions were extremely brave and heroic. It must take a huge amount of bravery to go to your death even though you can get out of it. Despite there being little symbolism in the play it is a definite symbolic representation of the McCarthy anti-communist trials of the 1950s. I have explained previously about these trials and how they led Arthur Miller writing the book so from this is it obvious that Miller had these trials in mind whilst writing The Crucible. Many people have said though that these two events are completely different in that there were (as far as we know) no actual witches in Salem yet there were definitely communists in 1950 America. In the book I noticed that Miller seemed to focus more on the unwillingness of the judges to believe that the accused townspeople were innocent and preferred to hang as many people as possible in order to improve their status and rank within the court. I think this because when Danforth’s judgement is questioned he informs the court of how many death warrants he has signed, this to me shows that Danforth thinks that the more people you have hung the more respected you become. It is made obvious to us that Danforth is an important character because when he enters everyone in the room goes silent. This could suggest that you are more important if you have signed a lot of death warrants. This use of silence is another dramatic device used by Miller to emphasise an entrance and to make the audience focus on the entering character. I personally don’t know how the judges didn’t see through the girls because when I watched the video I noticed a lot of things which prove the girls are lying. For example, in Act 3, Abigail claims that ‘a cold wind blows’ and blames Mary Warren for sending out her spirit. During this performance, John Proctor claims that Abigail is a whore and that he has committed adultery with her. Abigail immediately stops acting and desperately informs Danforth that she is not a whore or a lecher. This could have been a major downfall for Abigail if someone had noticed this. I am particularly surprised that Proctor did not. If he had the trials could have ended there and then and would have prevented the deaths of many innocent people. In addition to themes Miller also introduces motifs. A motif is a recurring design, feature or melody. Accusation, Legal Proceedings and Confessions are major motifs of The Crucible. These appear regularly throughout the book and are the centre of action in the play. ‘This created a series of indictments even before Hale arrived’ (Sparknotes. com) and a reason for these people to turn on one another (revenge). The only way that the ‘witches’ could be found was through the accusations and confessions. The trials only continue as a result of accusations. John Proctor attempts to discontinue the courts proceedings by confessing to adultery in a desperate bid to expose Abigail yet it all goes horribly wrong and Proctor himself is accused of witchcraft! Proctor’s final courageous decision to die rather than confess to a crime he did not commit makes the judges rethink the whole case and decide to stop the trials before any one else died. Michael Day 10GO Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Great Captains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Great Captains - Essay Example A number of individuals from many walks of life find it quite fascinating to study war strategy over the past several thousand years and how the same strategies have been employed, despite the fact that warfare has changed dramatically overtime. Being that warfare has changed over the past one hundred fifty years, the study of captains, such as Napoleon, Ulysses Grant, and Frederick the Great are still valid for a modern military professional, as it is these three individuals who have contributed largely in shaping our civilization and making it what it is today. One reason that the study of captains, such as Napoleon, Ulysses Grant, and Frederick the Great are still valid for a modern military professional is that a military professional can learn a great deal from these individuals. For instance, from the study of these great individuals, a modern military professional can learn to be an effective leader. The modern military can study the art of war from all three of these great captains and possibly employ some of these strategies in today's modern war fair. Some may challenge that learning the strategies of these captains is useless for a modern military professional, since war fair has changed so much since these men were alive. Those supporting this argument state that the weapons during the time of these captains were not as sophisticated as they are today, and wars are fought on a much larger scale than in times past. These captains did not deal with the challenges that we do now. Though these arguments are true and valid, the reason s for engaging in war are the same as they were since the beginning of humankind, and because of this, the study of such captains is relevant, as such study helps the future leader in deciding what he should and should not do to see to it that his outcomes are successful. If these three captains have employed a particular strategy that brought them a plethora of success, then there is no problem at all making use of that same strategy today. In regards to this, Paret and Clausewitz state that the purpose of war has always stayed the same, even though we now use more sophisticated weapons. Not to mention, the tactic to attack the enemy with the utmost force, to concentrate on what allows the enemy to resist and do away with it so the enemy can resist no longer and the desire to annihilate the enemy has been the same. Furthermore, the definition of war has also stayed the same, as war is merely a way for us to force the enemy to do our will and see to it that it is carried out (Chapte r One, Book One). Another reason that the study of these great captains is valid for a modern military professional is that a great deal can be learned from their use of intelligence. On the subject of intelligence as it pertains to war, Paret and Clausewitz state that those who are savages normally fight solely motivated by passion. There is no real intelligence on their part, as they are going to do whatever it takes to destroy their enemy. On the other hand, civilized peoples actually take the time out to sit and strategize how they will attack their enemy, defeat them, and successfully conquer them, if conquering is part of the reason that the war is being fought (Chapter One, Book One). These three great captains, no doubt, took the time to intelligently strategize how they would advance upon their enemies. Surely, they did feel some passion of hatred for their enemy, hence the reason they would attack them in the first place, as one would not attack someone they

Employability Skills in Improving Quality of Performance Essay

Employability Skills in Improving Quality of Performance - Essay Example Therefore, team role is â€Å"an inclination to behave, contribute and interrelate with other people in a particular way†, and it measures behavior rather than individuals personally (Belbin 2011). Therefore, we can guarantee that we can use our strengths to our advantage, by discovering our team roles to assist us to manage our weak points. According to Belbin (1981, cited in select knowledge 2001 p.32), there are nine team roles which individuals prefer to assume or avoid when required by circumstances. These team roles consist of Resource Investigator, Coordinator, Monitor Evaluator Team workers, Plant, Implementer, Shaper, Specialist, and Completer Finisher (Belbin 2011). I have experienced some of these roles in my high school study team and in other various tasks; I have done with friends during previous engagements. Some of them relate to my team members and others to me. The first role is the plant, which consists of people who are highly creative, who innovate and inv ent methods or technique. These people through innovation provide the foundation in which ideas develop in the team (Belbin 2011). These people have a character of alienating themselves from the rest of the team so that they can concentrate on their imaginative thinking. They have a personality of being introverts and are self-centered and would have strong reactions to both criticism and praise. This is because they are normally original in their ideas and being introverts, they have a weakness in communicating with other team members (Belbin 2011). In team roles, plants have an important role to play in teams because their main function is generating new ideas and techniques to assist the team to solve complex problems (select knowledge 2001). For example, in a study group that we had formed with friends in high school, we used to do group assignments as a team. One team member, Denis, was good at doing research in some of the assignment topics, but he could not explain the findin gs verbally although he wrote and analyzed them properly. In my opinion, his role in our team would fit as a plant because of his originality in presentations that helped our team to produce high quality and scored high points in our assignments. The second team role as suggested by Belbin is the resource investigators (select knowledge 2001 p. 32). They can be said to have some opposite characteristics of the plants because they are extroverts and often enthusiastic. In this role, Hogan (2007 p.65) also highlights that resource investigator are good in communicating and negotiating with people both inside and outside their teams. Notably, they are also good in accommodating ideas from other people and developing those ideas to accomplish team goals, this is due to their investigative characteristics and willingness to utilize new possibilities in those ideas. Resource Investigators have a very important function in the team as Belbin suggest, they are hence the best people to be us ed for setting up contacts with people outside the team because of their extrovert’s personality. This would, therefore, help the team to achieve their shared goals. In my teamwork experience, I would relate my personal team role as a resource investigator because; I would ensure that the team members worked cohesively.

Government borrowing, government budgets and fiscal policy impact Assignment

Government borrowing, government budgets and fiscal policy impact - Assignment Example 2. The government often increases its spending to expand an economy. In this situation, the actual deficit for the year is less than the forecasted amount. This shows that the government spending was less than expected; however, the revenue was more than the forecasted value. This indicates a surplus in the budget, and this implies faster economic growth. Yes, this is a problem in trying to balance the budget as the forecasted amounts vary widely with the actual expenditure and revenues. 3. Poor economic growth resulting in things such as unemployment could be caused by contraction of the country’s economy this can be corrected by the putting an expansionary fiscal policy in place. This system enables the government to increase the amount of money being transmitted in the country by cutting on state taxes, increasing the amount of government expenditure while the central bank is regulating by increasing the amount of money being supplied in the country. This helps in increasing production while creating more jobs. Expansion of a business cycle creates inflation in the country. A contractionary fiscal policy seeks to attend to this problem by trying to decrease the amount of money spent by the government while increasing the amount of interest rates on loans offered as to discourage people from borrowing hence reducing the amount of money in supply in the country. 4. Crowding out effect is whereby there is shrinkage in the private sector economy due to an apparent increase in government interest rates. There will be a less crowding out effect if the government spending is reduced as this will see a decrease in interest rates and higher investments in the private sector. 5. When Marginal taxes are cut off by the government, people tend to spend more on buying of products as they seem to have more money to spend. While they spend more on marketing, the government tends to collect more money from

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing Literature review

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing - Literature review Example At the same time, the risk factor offers price to investors for investing their money in risky securities. The sum total of both these factors gives a clear view regarding the expected rate of return on a particular asset. It is generally calculated by using a risk measure called beta. The arbitrage pricing theory is a well known alternative to capital asset pricing model that is beneficial for the investors to determine whether an asset is correctly priced or not. This paper tends to evaluate various aspects of the arbitrage theory of capital pricing. Structure of Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an alternative to capital asset pricing theory and it is formulated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976. In order to clearly evaluate the potentiality of arbitrage pricing theory, it is necessary to understand the range and terms of capital asset pricing model (CAPM). As discussed above, CAPM calculates rate of return of an asset by adding the value of risk taken with duration of investment. It is relevant to understand the working method of CAPM also. Assume that risk-free rate is 5%, the beta measure of the stock is 3 and the expected rate of market return for this period is 12%; then the expected rate of stock becomes: 5%+3(12% - 5%) = 26% In the opinion of Roll and Ross (1980), this theory had considerable significance in empirical work during the periods of 1960’s and 1970’s. However further researches on this concept have questioned its reliability and authenticity of the computation of empirical constellation of asset returns; and, many related theories have detected ranges of disenchantment with the CAPM (ibid). Authors say that this situation led to the demand for a more potential theory and it caused the formulation of APT. Although, APT was developed recently, CAPM is considered as the basis of modern portfolio theory. Huberman and Wang (2005) claim that both the CAPM and APT show relation between expected returns o f assets and their co-variance with other random variables; and an investor cannot avoid some types of risks by diversification and the concept of covariance is interpreted as a measure of such risks. While comparing with CAPM, the APT contains fewer assumptions; and at the same time, this theory is very difficult to use. Roll and Ross (1980) clearly tells that the basic idea behind arbitrage pricing theory is that the price of a security is varied by mainly two groups of factors such as macro factors and company specific factors. Since no ‘arbitrage assumptions’ are employed, this theory is popularly known in this name. The group categorization and thereby macro as well as company specific factors are very crucial to form the following formula: r = rf + ?1f1 + ?2f2 + ?3f3 + †¦ where r represents the expected rate on the security and rf is the risk free rate. In this formula, f stands for a separate factor and ? is a relationship measure between the security price and that factor. Cho, Eun, and Senbet (1986) have conducted an empirical investigation so as to evaluate the international performance of the arbitrage pricing policy. In their research, they mainly employed two valuation techniques such as inter-battery factor analysis and Chow test. The inter-battery factor analysis helped the authors to estimate the international common factors while they could test the validity of the APT using Chow test method. A

Argument essay (mini research paper) about immigration( specific

Argument (mini research paper) about immigration( specific topics included in instructions) - Essay Example must oppose the Great Wall of America because it is not an effective and efficient solution to illegal immigration, it promotes nativism that borders racism, and it results to inhumane consequences that goes against the universal right to work and live in other nations. The Wall is too expensive, yet ineffective, in curbing illegal immigration. The Wall is too costly, and it is not even completed in a consistent manner. Wayne A. Cornelius from the University of California at San Diego complains of the endless costs of building the wall: â€Å"Upward of $25 billion has been spent on border fortification since 1993, but we have little to show for it beyond photo ops for anti-immigration politicians.† These funds are approved by Congress, but the expenses will never end because of the large area of territory needed to build the Wall and to maintain it. Furthermore, the Wall will not stop immigrants, who are deeply driven to cross physical barriers because of socio-economic reasons. David Von Drehle, a reporter for Time, notes that immigrants will seek for other ways to illegally enter America: â€Å"Crossings didnt stop--they moved† (2). People will not stop in searching for means to breach the Wall, especially when they have nothing to lose. Furthermore, a wall, no matter how solid or guarded it is, cannot stop the ingenuity of human smugglers. Their business is to move people illegally across borders, and not even the Great Wall can stop them: â€Å"Smugglers like to cut this fence with torches, then carefully put everything back in place so the border patrol wont notice† (Von Drehle 2). When obstacles exist, human smugglers use other modes of getting people across the border. Thus, the present Wall is inefficient and not significantly effective in stopping illegal immigration. Apart from being an ineffective and expensive way of controlling immigration, the Wall promotes sentiments of nativism that can lead to racism. Richard Rodriguez, a news writer for Los Angeles

The experience of inactive nurses returned to nursing after completing Article - 1

The experience of inactive nurses returned to nursing after completing a refresher course - Article Example ongruence, analytical and integrative preciseness, philosophical or theoretical connectedness and heuristic relevance, as proposed by Burns and Grove (2007). Vividness. Clear statements about the purpose of the study, as well as, its significance are very crucial is writing research. Aside from the fact that these components are in the front line of a research paper, it is essential that is proponents underscore the rationale why such study be pursued. Upon reviewing the article â€Å"The Experience of Inactive Nurses Returned to Nursing after Completing a Refresher Course†, it can be observed that the author has stated the study purpose (page 359-360) in a direct, clear and measurable way. However, the significant of the study was not presented. The studys significance is supposed to explain how the research produces an original contribution to nursings body of knowledge. Without a strong theoretical Methodological Congruence. In this portion, a recruitment strategy is very necessary; it is a project-specific plan intended for identifying and enrolling the target people to participate in a research study and the plan must specify criteria for the screening of potential participants or the number of people who will be recruited, their location, as well as the approach to be employed (Mack, Woodsong, Macqueen, Guest and Namey, 2005; p. 6). In the research article, the authors were able to describe their background as nursing graduates, which is a good manifestation of their expertise in the chosen topic. They describe further who the participants are and how many they were, base on the study’s research objectives and the characteristics of the research. The author also emphasized the step-by-step procedures in contacting the participants and identified their specific locations. There was also a clear demonstration of ethical considerations in research conduct. Any investiga tor who conducts research involving human participants needs to uphold protection of

Danger of Cell Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Danger of Cell Phones - Essay Example The quantity of radioactivity energy immersed by an individual reduces with increasing space between the projection and the operator. Rendering to the United States’ Food and Administration (FDA), there is no adequate of scientific proof to link mobile phone through health complications (US Food and Drug Administration par. 4). Mobile phones do release radioactivity, but the intensities are stumpy for instance, those found in microwaves. Nevertheless, the Food and Administration has entreated a more exhaustive research to be carried, as there exist some indecision of lasting use (Adams 4). Mobile phones have developed technologically during the past few years. Cell phones can be utilized to convey text messages, take pictures, play games and access the internet as well. Mobile phones are used to carry out money transactions by sending and receiving money. Each of these stuff; nevertheless, are precarious when it comes to the usage of the mobile phone’s applications as well as driving simultaneously. Mobile phones present many risks since most operators are not conscious of the dangers (Adams 4). Most people text or talk as they are driving, which may be very unsafe. It makes the car driver to become preoccupied and so can result to an accident. Conferring to the NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), 16 percent of above 40,000 fatal accidents are triggered by an abstracted car driver (Pugh par. 3).

Moral Absolutes Essay Example for Free

Moral Absolutes Essay Why are Christian ethics and theology inseparable? What did Francis Schaeffer mean when he said that not all things are the same to God? Christian ethics is inseparable from theology because it is grounded in the character of God. Francis Schaeffer said that not all things are the same to God and means that God exists and has a character, but not all things are the same to him. Some things conform to His character, and some are opposed to his character. 2. What did Schaeffer conclude about a society without moral absolutes? Do we see this in society? Schaeffer concludes that if a society has no moral absolutes then there is no final appeal to judge between individuals and groups whose moral judgments conflict. There will be no standards and only conflicting opinions. 3. On what authority do Christians base their belief in moral absolutes? How specific is this authority? Christians base their beliefs in moral absolutes through the Bible. Of course, you cannot solve all moral decisions by referring to the Bible but there sufficient guidelines provided to give us a sense of what is morally right. These guidelines are the Decalogue also known as the Ten Commandments and tat is how specific the authority is. 4. Ethically speaking, what are Christians called to do? Christians are called to love the Lord with all their heart, all their soul, and with all their strength and with their entire mind and love your neighbor as yourself. 5. What did Dietrich Bonhoeffer mean by the question, â€Å"Where are the responsible people? He meant Christians, who are willing to treat God’s moral order with the same respect they show His physical order; who love God with their whole body, soul, spirit, mind and strength; who treat others as they desire to be treated. Ethics 3. 2 6. Why do Muslims view Muhammad as morally exemplary even though the Hadith does not paint a flattering portrait of his life? Muslims are conditioned to look at the whole picture through the eyes of faith. Certain things that the Prophet did do not conform to ordinary ideas of morality and may be considered sensual and cruel, but believers look at the whole thing differently. To them morality derives from the Prophet’s actions; the moral is whatever he did. Morality does not determine the Prophet’s actions, but his actions determines morality. 7. How do Christianity and Islam differ in relation to their beliefs about ethical absolutes? Christianity and Islam differ because Christianity is based on the Bible and Islam is based on the Qur’an and the Bible grounds morality in God’s essential character; the Qur’an teaches that God cannot be ultimately known. 8. In what two ways is the term jihad used? First: the battle against temptation and sin for the sake of self-control and the development of virtue; Second: the battle against any and all who oppose Islam. 9. What motivates Muslims to behave ethically? They are motivated by several fronts like: to develop personal virtue and spirituality, to better the state of others, to strengthen relationships, and to anticipate the coming judgment. 10. Which motivation is strongest? The anticipation of final judgment. Ethics 3. 3 11. What is the ultimate ethical question for a Secular Humanist? What questions did Morris B. Storer outline in his book Humanist Ethics? The ultimate ethical question for a Secular Humanist is Can morality be achieved without the foundation of absolute religious beliefs? Who makes the rules, God or men? Morris B. Storer outlined: Is personal advantage the measure of right and wrong or the advantage of all affected? Is there truth in ethics? Are right and wrong expressions of heart or head? Do people have free wills? Do you measure morality by results or by principles? Do people have duties as well as rights? 12. Why are there such diverse views and conflicts regarding humanistic ethics? There are diverse views and conflicts because there is a lack of consensus about the foundation of ethics and that is problematic for the whole concept of Humanistic ethics. 13. Who proposed the â€Å"no-truth thesis† and what does it state? Kai Nelson and it states that no question of the truth or falsity of moral values can sensibly arise. 14. How do most humanists attempt to dodge the â€Å"no-truth thesis†? How does Corliss Lamont address this issue? They attempt to doge it by claiming that they use reason to determine right and wrong in the context of ethical relativism. Lamont addresses the issue with optimism stating that as long as we pursue activities that are healthy, socially useful and in accordance with reason, pleasure and happiness will accompany us and the supreme good will the eventual result. 15. What did Arthur E. Gravatt, Joseph Fletcher, Herbert W. Schneider, and Paul Kurtz have to say about Ethics? Dr. Arthur E. Gravatt: Moral behavior may differ from situation to situation. Behavior might be moral for one person and not another or moral at one time and not another. Joseph Fletcher: Rights and wrongs are determined by objective facts or circumstances, that is, by the situations in which moral agents have to decide for the most beneficial course open to choice. Herbert W. Schneider: Morality is â€Å"an experimental art† and is the â€Å"basic art of living well together. † Moral right and wrong must therefore be conceived in terms of moral standards generated in a particular society. Paul Kurtz: Moral principles should be treated as hypotheses, tested by their practical worth and judged by what they cause to happen. Ethics 3. 4 16. How did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels view the issue of morality? Marx and Engels denied that moral ideals, moral considerations, are central in human life and social evolution. Rather, it is biological and social evolution that determines their definition of morality. What is right and wrong is determined by what is best for evolution. 17. What is the Marxist-Leninist morality of the future? How will it be determined? Their morality of the future is when the proletariat finally destroys the bourgeoisie. The new classless society will determine the new morality, just as this evolution toward a classless society is dictating today’s morality. 18. What is the Marxist-Leninist view of â€Å"old morality?They view old morality as products of the bourgeoisie invented and used by the propertied class to oppress the propertyless proletariat. 19. What is the Marxist code of ethics according to the book Scientific Communism? â€Å"Devotion to the cause of the working class, collectivism, mutual aid, comradely solidarity, hatred toward the bourgeois ie and toward traitors to the common cause, internationalism, and stoicism in struggle are traits which not only define the content of proletarian ethics, but also characterize the moral image of the typical representatives of the working class. 20. What means have Marxists historically believed would bring about a society without class distinction? What have been the results of such an ethical system? They believe that revolution is the most efficient means for creating a society without class distinctions. This system is responsible for 83 million deaths between 1917 and 1964. But from a Marxist-Leninist point of view, it is worth the price if people die to abolish social classes and private property.

The Social Media In Education English Language Essay

The Social Media In Education English Language Essay In todays technological environment, it is important that teachers try their best to make use of this innovative technology. As explained by Thaker, this technology can be used to facilitate communication between the students and the teachers. However, this new form of communication can also help parents in getting involved in the learning of their children. One way of enhancing this communication is through the use of social media (Bienstock, 2012) (Thaker, 2011). There are a number of social networking sites that can be used. Facebook  [1]  , Twitter  [2]  , Edmodo  [3]  , LinkedIn  [4]  , Twiducate  [5]  , Classroom 2.0  [6]  and Google+  [7]  are just few of the existent social media that one can make use of in education. These media are being constantly used by almost everyone on everyday basis. The results obtained from Pingdom (2012) on the demographics of 24 different social media sites show that these media are being used by different persons in different age groups. In fact, the study shows that even teenagers are making use of such media (Pingdom, 2012). However, one might argue, should we use such media in education, even though we know of the problems and issues related to such media? However others might reason that we cannot just eliminate the use of such a valuable and easily accessible resource. Bienstock (2012) makes reference to the New York Times article in which Ms. Pust states I think that we would do more good keeping kids safe by teaching them how to use these tools and navigate this online world rather than locking it down and pretending that it is not in our realm. (Bienstock, 2012) In the following sections, we will discuss the advantages that social media offers in the area of education. However, we are also going to point out the problems that these media might present and how to cope and manage them. Social Media Benefits in Education Students Develop communication skills students can gain social confidence from online interaction, which may help them feel more secure in new situations Increase skill in technology students become more familiar with new and emerging technologies, as well as increase their media literacy through exposure to many different types of online media Since many students already use these forms of technology, they may be more engaged in learning if they utilize it Online communities can be very diverse and expose students to many new view points, ideas, and opinions Social media can also be a source to increase talent to work on group projects Students can develop an optimistic image of themselves by putting best qualities out there Enhanced Collaboration acquiring information can be accomplished by students alone. But problem-solving skills are often better enhanced in a collaborative environment. Social media allow students to work together on projects beyond an individuals capability Teachers and Schools Increased access to resources since learning materials can be shared Collaboration amongst teachers and exchanging of lesson plans and information Can reach parents who are incapable to come to school in a cheap and effective way Can form partnerships with schools in other states or countries Enhanced Flipping through social media the relationship between teachers and students can be improved. Teacher can upload course material and record lectures were students can access them at their own pace. In classroom teachers will guide students with activities that usually are recognized as homework. Modernize Discussions through social media teacher can credit students for in-class participation. This requires teacher to monitor which students are speaking up when. Communicate Between Classes Teachers can send out announcements, share ideas or pose questions to pupils, especially when classes are spaced several days apart. How well are schools using social media? Successes Challenges Making safe communities some sites allow teachers to control online environments thus reducing dangers associated with social media Lack of knowledge a schools social media account should be managed by someone who understands social media Encouraging collaboration students can critique and comment on each others assignments. They can easily work in teams online and asking teachers questions or starting a discussion is easy Lack of features lack of engagement for students can make them feel as if the school doesnt care. Features should include one-on-one connection Invitation to produce content social media can invite students and schools to produce content for both enrolled and prospective students. This can show the schools personality More than a presence a social media profile requires daily maintenance and interaction with students The NCF (Ministry of Education, Employment and Family 2011) argues that literacy, numeracy and digital literacy are the foundations for further learning. Our students are digital natives whether we like it or not. For us as teachers we have to accept this and exploit it to deliver the subject content to our students. Students and Social Media Our students are continuously communicating through social media, in Malta the most popular one being Facebook. Can we stop this? No we can not as out students are equipped with laptops, tablets, iPads, smartphones all providing easier access to social networks. Introducing social media in education is not an easy step, as mentioned before students are continuously using it with most of them ignoring the possible consequences. When the topic is approached only on a theoretical level students think that it will never happen to them, for them there is nothing wrong uploading any kind of photos to appear cool with their friends. They can not perceive that once a photo is available on the Internet is available to anybody even though they select the Only Friends option. Social Media Problems and How to Minimise Them? The only way to deal with this problem is through educational videos that illustrate various situations which teenagers found themselves in because they didnt know it could happen to them. A teacher can start by showing these two videos http://viewpure.com/nOUu1fldBbI and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK5OeGeudBMfeature=channel and discuss a set of questions with the students to elicit important points from both videos; the uploading of photos, anyone can watch your photos without you being aware of it. Students need to be educated towards social media. They have a tool in their hands, they think of knowing how to use it but most of them dont. Teachers and parents have to understand we cannot stop the social media hype. We as teachers have to educate about this tool. What can go wrong? Many students ask the questions: What can go wrong? These are some of the answers that we as educators need to provide: Cyberbullying (CEOP, 2007):: By using technology like mobiles or the internet, this type of bullying can affect someone not just at school, but at home as well. Because it takes place in the virtual world, it has a 24/7 nature and can make someone feel upset or threatened in their own home. Students should be educated that this kind of bullying can be evidenced. With cyber bullying they can save text/emails/WebPages, print them and used as a proof to catch the bully. Sexting: Someone taking an indecent image of themselves, and sending it to their friends or boy/girlfriend via a mobile phone or some other form of technology is sometimes referred to as sexting. Once these images have been taken and sent to others, control is lost of them and they can end up anywhere.   They could be seen by friends and family, a future employer, or even, in some cases, end up in the possession an offender! This also puts that person who originally sent the images in a vulnerable position (CEOP, 2007):, as somebody they may or may not know now has these images and could use technology to bully, harass or even try to locate them as seen in the videos. Students have to be educated to think Do I want my schoolmates to see these photos, my family? Hacking: Students should always choose the Log Out option so their account can not be hacked. False Identity: People arent always honest with who they are, their age or what they look like. Students have to be share of whom they are confirming as a friend. It is very easy to lie on the Internet and there is no way of knowing if someone is telling the truth. Even if someone shows them a photo of themselves, this could be a picture of someone else or could be faked. This applies to webcam or video footage too; seeing a person in a video, does not mean it is them. Students have to be educated not to meet people they encountered over the Internet. Addiction: One has to be aware of the time and effort spent in establishing connections. It is very easy to become addicted, for some, these sites become one of the major concerns (CEOP, 2007). This can have adverse effects on a persons ability to work efficiently and affects ones health as well. Sometimes the best lesson to educate our students is not through theory but providing them with actual facts. For example this article http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2201064/Man-murders-girl-16-testify-raping-years-agolured-death-posing-teen-Facebook.html narrates the story of a girl killed by her rapist before she could testify against him. He posed as a teenage boy on Facebook and told Shania Gray (the victim) he had a crush on her and they agreed to meet. He took her to a secluded park and shot her (Pullman, 2012). Everyone has a facebook account why shouldnt I? Our society, educators, parents cannot hide from the reality that social media are part of our culture. The future generation are approaching their lives differently as they integrate digital technologies- such as computers, the Internet, instant messaging, cell phones and e-mail throughout their daily activities. As educators we can propose the following simple but effective SMART Rules (UK Safer Internet Centre, 2012): Keep your personal information like address, mobile number safe. Make students think this question If I meet a stranger on the street would I give him my mobile number? The same reasoning has to be applied to a stranger met on the Internet. Dont Meet Up. Social networks can be a place to encounter with new people. Students must always know who you are talking to. If an adult they do not know asks them to meet up, they have to be educated to say no. Accepting (UK Safer Internet Centre, 2012): Educate students to think before they accept something from someone over the Internet as it might contain viruses with the sole purpose to steal information from someones computer used by a hacker to keep data on people perhaps engaged by paedophiles. If students do not know from whom it is and it has an attachment, they have to delete it. Reliable (UK Safer Internet Centre, 2012): Not everyone online can be trusted. Older men tend to lie about their age and who they are to meet female adolescents. This is a point we as educators need to stress onto; students have to know who they are talking to. Tell (UK Safer Internet Centre, 2012): Students should not be afraid of talking if someone is harassing or stalking them over the Internet. They have to talk with their parents, or a guidance teacher or any other trusted adult if someone makes them worried or uncomfortable online. Moreover if a student knows about a friend who has these kinds of problems he/she has to tell someone. It is not betraying him/her friends trust, it is helping and in some cases saving his/her friend. The Issue of No Physical Interaction Social media is a medium that enables communication between people from all over the world through the use of technology. Such interaction can be done from the comfort of your own home and this can facilitate the process tremendously. Some may argue that social media may present a challenge since the students are unable to socialise properly. This may be due to the fact that the interaction between peers is not presented in a physical manner. On the other hand, social media allows people to meet in ways that otherwise would have not been possible. Social media not only allows easier communication but eliminates the issue of geographical barriers. It allows students to form and (Tomaszewski, 2012) (Connolly, 2011) (Williams, 2011)maintain friendships, that otherwise would have been difficult or impossible. Such friendships allow students to learn and interact with other cultures other than their own. It allows wider knowledge sharing from people all over the world. Such interaction would not have been possible or would have been difficult and more costly if it had to be done physically. Therefore, when used with properly and with caution, social media allows not only learning to occur, but also friendships and knowledge sharing to take place. Twelve Things Students Should Never Do on Social Media We do not want more rules but as any other important tool Social Media should be used responsibly. We are in the day and age, were Social Media is used all the time by everyone and this is the main reason why we should be careful of what we do. We should educate our students how to use Social Media sites responsibly. These are a few rules, which if applied, help us appreciate the power of Social Media when used in the classroom. Post Illegal Activities Although your profile may be set to private there are other ways and means how this content can become public and be view by anyone on the web. Once public, it will be impossible to remove that content from the internet. Bullying Do not post anything on any Social Media site which might be a form of bullying. Anything from verbal abuse and hate words and other posted material can lead to very grave consequences including suicide. Trash Your Teachers Bullying can also include interactions done on posts where teachers or school administration are mentioned. This can be a grave offence even if certain things may seem harmless to who posted them. Post Objectionable Content from School Computers or Networks Do not use the school computers to post objectionable information. Some school networks can track this activity. Post Confidential Information This is very important as already mentioned before everyone can see the information you post so be careful not to post any personal information where people can track you. Overly Specific Location Check-Ins Do not use Social Media to say that you are home alone or in a remote location this will help even persons who are not willing to help to find you. Lie/Cheat/Plagiarize If a lie is shared on Social Media it is most probably that everyone will get to know. There can also be investigations regarding cheating and plagiarism. Threaten Violence When a threat is posted online even if anonymous, there will be investigations by the police and eventually will trace the offender. Ignore School-Specific Policies Always abide by the policy of your school regarding Social Media. Unprofessional Public Profiles Students should be thoughtful of what to post online. Certain content might not be acceptable for an employer, who in the near future might go through ones profile. Do not say or put anything on your profile which you do not want a future employer to see. Never Rely on Privacy Settings 100% Students should never rely on privacy settings over good judgment, says Andrew Moravick, social media specialist. Some Social Media networks have very good privacy settings but some are updated very often and not everyone can keep track. Post Emotionally Do not post anything on Social Media when feeling emotional about something. Thing may seem very different when analyzing the same scenario when feeling calm. As we can see, these are very simple rules students and everyone using Social Media can follow. We just have to keep in mind that anything posted irresponsibly on Social Media networks can have very negative effects. Conclusion It is clearly seen that social media and education dont necessarily go hand in hand. So far experts remind us that there are clear dos and donts for integrating social media in the classroom. Social technologies are here to stay and it is import to help students learn how to used social media. Guide students in how to think deliberately about their use and consider the outcomes of proper and improper use of social media. This goal can be appropriately reached when teacher have received appropriate training on the use of social media. Full backing and support of the school administration is mandatory to fulfill this objective. Turning social media into an educational tool can be used to further a students education and enrich it.

Mr :: essays research papers

Title: Great Expectations Author: Charles Dickens Main Characters: Pip – The main character, Estella – The rich girl, Joe – Pip’s uncle the blacksmith, Miss Havisham – The rich old lady, Magwitch – The convict and Pip’s benefactor Setting: Kent a town full of marshes by the river Point of View: Dialogue Theme(s): Becoming a gentleman and living in poverty, falling in love with a beautiful girl named Estella who is very rich. Summary: Pip is a young boy who lives in poverty with his sister Mrs. Joe and brother-in-law Joe who is a blacksmith. Pip is paid by Miss Havisham a very wealthy lady to play with Estella who is very proud and stuck up. He falls in love with her but she doesn’t like him because she feels he can never be a gentleman and become wealthy like her. His great expectations start coming true when he helps a convict who later becomes his benefactor. With the help of his benefactor he becomes a wealthy gentleman. Pip tried to do everything to win Estella after many years he finally gets her. Biography of Author: Charles Dickens (1812-1870), was born in England, the second of eight children of a debt ridden government clerk. At age 10 he was sent to work in a London factory. This experience upset him so greatly and left such an impression on him that he later created suffering and abandoned children as the heroes of many of his novels. He finally broke free of the slave factory and returned to school. He became a newspaper reporter, a job that helped him to observe people and to create scenes that live in his readers’ memories. With the appearance of The Pickwick Papers in 1836 and 1837, at age 24, Charleston became the most popular novelist in England.

A Kantian Interpretation of Demonstrative Reference :: Philosophy Philosophical Kant Essays

A Kantian Interpretation of Demonstrative Reference ABSTRACT: According to Kant, we refer to what is out there in the world by performing a demonstrative act, like pointing at an object with a finger. A Kantian mode of demonstrative reference is characterized by the existence of a real, 2-placed affective relation between an intuiting subject and the referent. Parsons suggests that Kantian intuition is both singular and immediate, and immediacy demands an object of intuition to be present, a condition clearly satisfied by objects within our immediate perceptual field. But since we do not have an immediate relation with remote objects, the scope of our demonstrative reference is severely restricted by intuitional immediacy. I wish to develop a global Kantian intuition in order to extend the scope of demonstrative reference. Kant's ontology of space entails that the global representability of space be given to an intuiting subject as a form of intuition. According to Melnick, Kantian intuition is a kinematic operation which involves dir ecting attention and moving about. To make contact with the world, the subject must move away from its locale: although a spatially remote object (W) is not immediately present, we can shift our location by taking a path such that W will become so. Once we are close enough to be affected by W, we will be able to point at W and say "This." Thus, the intuitive scope of demonstrative reference is globalized as we shift our location. I A. The Semantic Content of "This" It has been suggested that Kantian intuition is analogous to the demonstrative term "This." According to Sellars, "to intuit is to represent a this." The demonstrative "This" provides a semantic model for Kantian intuition, but with some restriction. We can certainly apply the demonstrative "This" to individual items which are not proper objects of intuition, e.g., "This theory," "This thought," or "This proposition." The singularity of "This" is insufficient to characterize Kantian intuition. Since space and time are the forms of intuition, an intuitable object must have a spatio-temporal location. Hence, the demonstrative "This" is a semantic model for Kantian intuition only if it is "spatio-temporized." We can spatio-temporize "This" by performing a demonstrative act. The type of a demonstrative act can be characterized by a "2-placed de re ostension" as suggested by Howell. The function of a de re ostension is to indicate the presence of an object in our perceptual field. Pointing at an object with a finger is an example of a 2-placed de re ostension par excellence.

Lord Byron’s Darkness Essay -- essays papers

Lord Byron’s â€Å"Darkness† Lord Byron’s â€Å"Darkness† illustrates a dark and pessimistic outlook for the world as we know it. The world loses all sense of hope and is left with only despair and darkness after the loss of the provider of thought and hope-sunlight. With the extinction of sunlight comes the destruction of social classes due to inevitable fear of death, and, as a result, all that is left is chaos. The psychological mind drastically changes its mannerisms and mode of thinking when faced with life and death situations. In the solitude of pitch-black infinite space, â€Å"men forgot their passions†-all values were lost, hopes and goals were put on hold, and only darkness existed. A world living in darkness was forced to displace its social classes and live one in utter darkness. All ...

Competitive Intelligence In The Business World Commerce Essay

In today ‘s fast changing concern universe, no-one likes surprises. The ability to be pro-active and non reactive is one of the greatest techniques for making value within an organisation. This requires a uninterrupted procedure of transforming information into intelligence so that a company can pull off the hereafter. Wining a conflict in the concern country implies, like in any other confrontation, cognizing your opposition, in this instance, the competition, really good. The director can non do a feasible scheme, founded entirely on information about his company. A competitory scheme means that one is competitory because he differentiates himself from the others. And for this, one has to cognize what the others are making. Nowadays the CEO ‘s demand a warning system which can seasonably present the relevant information from the concern environment, so that they are able to do determinations with a unafraid degree of certainty that allows the company to keep its competitory advantage. The market globalisation and the velocity of scientific discipline and engineering development require the use of supervising systems, capable of placing chance niches indispensable for the growing of the companies. One of the best tools for doing this possible is Competitive Intelligence. This instrument supports the strategic planning in every company. Competitive intelligence in concern organisations has benefited greatly from military and authorities intelligence patterns and cognition. Many of the innovators in the concern intelligence community migrated from a assortment of governmental organisations. They brought a set of constructs and penetrations that have been refined over centuries. Most notably, Sun Tzu ‘s authoritative work on military intelligence is widely read, and he is credited with being the male parent of intelligence. This construct has proven, along the old ages, its end ( actionable intelligence that will supply a competitory border ) and advantages when applied right. Still, most midsize houses lack dedicated competitory intelligence operations, despite the fact that most concern leaders recognize that their success depends on looking frontward and traveling more rapidly that the competition. Harmonizing to Ben Gilad and Leonard Fuld, competitory intelligence ( CI ) is the action of ethically and lawfully assemblage, analysing, and pass oning information about 3rd party participants in one ‘s competitory sphere – from rivals, to providers, clients, act uponing parties, regulators, distributers, possible new rivals, and so forth, to be used by companies in their planning and determination devising. The procedure of roll uping, hive awaying, analysing and pass oning this market intelligence is today an institutionalised procedure in most big companies. Done decently, this helps a company avoid surprises by expecting rivals ‘ moves and diminishing response clip. Put merely, competitory intelligence is a method of roll uping and analysing information that lets companies place possible alterations sing rivals before these become obvious. Datas can be gathered from public or private beginnings, from networking with a rival ‘s staff or clients or from research in the field. A cardinal regulation is that all activity must be legal. CI practicians must besides unwrap their individualities at all times and non cod information under false pretences. Direct Beginnings Passive – Web Company sites Portals Search engine – Imperativeness releases – Industry ( market ) analysis – Financial Analysts – Employment Ad Active – Trade shows – Technical conferences – Employment – Meetings and programs Indirect Beginnings – Customer interviews – Customer studies – Gross saless forces – Rep and distributers – Suppliers and spouses – Former employees The footing of competitory intelligence is cognizing the difference between information and intelligence. This will assist directors acquire on the route to more efficient determination devising. Information is factual. Its Numberss, statistics, disseminated spots of informations about people and companies and what they ‘ve been making that seems to be of involvement. Information frequently appears to be stating you something but in world it ‘s non. One ca n't do good determinations based on information no affair how accurate the information is or no affair how comprehensive it is. Intelligence, on the other manus, is a aggregation of information pieces which have been filtered and analyzed. It has been turned into something that can be acted upon. Intelligence is what directors need to do determinations, non information. Another term for intelligence is knowledge.Milestones in the development of competitory intelligenceOrganizations collected commercial intelligence since the first trade took topographic point. Books on organisational intelligence aggregation appeared every bit back as the 60 ‘s but these early efforts at formal intelligence activities for concerns remained largely academic and instead uneffective until 1980, when Michael Porter of Harvard Business School published his book, â€Å" Competitive-Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors † which laid down the theoretical foundation for applied CI. In the late 70 ‘s Fuld & A ; Co and Washington Researchers were the boosters which offered competitory research to corporate clients. In 1986 the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals was founded in the U.S. Accepting the importance of competitory intelligence, major transnational corporations, such as ExxonMobil, Procter & A ; Gamble, and Johnson and Johnson, have created formal CI units. Importantly, organisations execute competitory intelligence activities non merely as a precaution to protect against market menaces and alterations, but besides as a method for happening new chances and tendencies. The first professional enfranchisement plan ( CIP ) was created in 1996 with the constitution of The Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence in Cambridge, MA.Variations of competitory intelligenceOver clip, concerns recognized a signifier of intelligence that was called in assorted ways ( competitory intelligence, concern intelligence, corporate intellige nce, competitory information or commercial intelligence ) , but most of the experts have settled to name it competitory intelligence. Regardless of the term that we use, CI is the usage of public beginnings to develop informations about rivals and the market environment and its transmutation in useable information, thorough analysis. When believing about CI, public information refers to the information that one can entree lawfully and ethically. Publicly does non intend needfully published information. The most normally recognized fluctuations of CI are: strategic intelligence rival intelligence ( McGonagle and Vella ) proficient intelligence market intelligence 1. Strategic intelligence Strategic intelligence represents competitory intelligence provided in support of strategic determination devising. This means supplying the highest degrees of direction information on the competitory, economic and political environment in which companies operate now and in which they will run in the hereafter ( See David b. Francis â€Å" Your rivals: who will they be? † Competitive Intelligence Review 8, no.1 1997: 16-23 ) . This type of intelligence by and large supports the senior direction for the overall scheme. The most common applications are in the development of strategic programs, capital investings, political hazard appraisal, amalgamations, acquisitions, joint ventures, corporate programs, R & A ; D planning ( See Edwin Ruhil and Sybille Sachs â€Å" Challenges for strategic competitory intelligence and the corporate degree † , Competitive Intelligence Review 8, no 4 1997: 54-64 ) . Strategic intelligence involves the appraisal of a house ‘s direct rivals, the competition environment and its indirect rivals, but an every bit of import portion is the development of intelligence on the long-term alterations caused by all of the forces driving the industry competition ( Larry Kennedy â€Å" Competitive intelligence in concern procedure technology: a survey at digital equipment corporation † Competitive Intelligence Review 8, no 2 1997: 8-13 ) . The focal point has to be on factors as engineering tendencies, political hazards and regulative developments. It is designed to warn the company of impending jobs and alarm it to upcoming chances, ever in clip to take needed action ( Mark Sullivan, â€Å" Using competitory intelligence to develop a strategic direction action- oriented measuring system † , Competitive Intelligence Review 8, no 2 1997: 34-43. ) . 2. Rival intelligence Competitor intelligence is the usage of public beginnings to turn up and develop informations that are so transformed into information about rivals, their capablenesss, current activities, programs and purposes. The function of this type of intelligence is to assist the operating directors within strategic concern units or merchandise directors and other people involved in the procedure of merchandise or concern development. 3. Market intelligence Market intelligence is intelligence developed on the really current activities in the market place ( See Kenneth A. Sawka, â€Å" Warning Analysis: a hazardous concern † , Competitive Intelligence Review 8, no. 4, 1997:83-84 ) . Market intelligence depends on extremely developed package tools and analytical accomplishments extremely trained people to supply market cognition, professional expertness and selling penetration. The information should be received fast and detailed so that they enable a house to happen out information sing the success of failure of its merchandise publicity, the following moves of the rivals sing their publicities and possibilities of cross-promoting the merchandise. Frequently users of market intelligence are marketing sections and market planning section because they use the feedback on the success or failure of old gross revenues attempts. 4. Technical intelligence Technical intelligence activities enable a house to react fast to menaces and to place the chances which result from proficient and scientific development. It is believed that TI is a map which if it is executed decently, could ensue in a economy of 10 to 100 times the investing in the map ( See Davis C. Pring, â€Å" Competitive Intelligence and Market Research: Filling the Gaps † in Global positions on CI, erectile dysfunction. John E. Prescott and Patrick T. Gibbons, 1993, 223-239 ) . Technical intelligence can supply information about the methods and procedures used by the rivals, their dependance on outside engineering, patents or new engineering acquired, the capablenesss of the rivals ‘ R & A ; D staff, appraisals about outgos for this section. TI chiefly focuses on technological tendency instead than on the market 1s. A portion of the experts considers that it should be more concerned about the chances of the house, than on the menaces to the house.Active and defensive CIWhen CI started to go popular, there was no treatment of anything besides the actions designed to roll up information about the rivals, called active rival intelligence. During its development, analysts started to recognize that what they were making, it could be go oning to them besides. This led to a new involvement towards activities that were destined to protect companies against CI activities from other companies, called defensive rival intelligence. Active CI procedures are those aimed at roll uping natural informations every bit good as analysing those informations to supply finished intelligence. The end of a defensive plan is to do life much more hard for your rival ‘s intelligence analysts, so they will give your house more operating flexibleness. Counterintelligence is the procedure of countering, forestalling the intelligence garnering attempt of other parties, your rivals. It has to be understood as a portion of an on-going procedure. This plan ‘s effectivity is measured through minimisation of losingss due to the competitory intelligence attempt of the rivals. Many companies are really careful to protect their physical buttocks, but it is far more of import to protect the intangible assets of the company. Cloaked rivals are those that protect themselves from the intelligence assemblage attempts of their rivals. For making this, the most of import facet is to understand how rivals work, which channels they use, and the techniques they use. One has to deprive rivals of a few cardinal pieces of informations that are critical for the large image of the analysis ( Deborah C. Sawyer, â€Å" Specifying your competition: Dardan Horses, Fifth Columns, and other menaces † , competitory intelligence magazine 3, April -June: 45-46 ) .Implementing competitory intelligence – the CI procedureAlthough the chief occupation of competitory intelligence is to back up direction determination devising, holding a methodical competitory intelligence system in topographic point can assist the company address many different issues. A methodical competitory intelligence plan can: Anticipate alterations in the market place. Anticipate actions of rivals. Discover new or possible rivals. Learn from the successes and failures of others. Increase the scope and quality of profitable marks. Learn about new engineerings, merchandises and processes that affect the company ‘s concern. Learn about political, legislative or administrative alterations that can impact the company ‘s concern. Enter new concerns. Expression at the company ‘s ain concern patterns with an unfastened head. Help implement the latest direction tools. The CI procedure is most normally divided into four basic phases, which make up what is known as the CI rhythm: Planning: this means set uping the demands of the company. On one manus, the directors of the company acknowledge the demand for CI and, on the other manus, they define what sort of CI the company needs. It besides means what inquiries the directors want to reply with the CI, who else may be utilizing CI, and how, by whom, and when the CI will eventually be used.This is besides the portion of the rhythm in which the competitory intelligence practician decides which class he should take in carry throughing his undertaking. This phase can besides be thought of as the other terminal of the intelligence rhythm because one time specific intelligence is delivered to the determination shaper his consecutive actions – based on that intelligence – will excite farther intelligence demands. The company ‘s state of affairs will surely alter based on those actions. Gathering: this stage involves the existent assemblage of natural information from which intelligence will be produced. The huge bulk of aggregation stuffs are public sphere significance they are available to anyone who knows where to look. Beginnings include periodicals, one-year studies, books, broadcasts, addresss, databases and so on. Creative aggregators can normally happen anything they need lawfully and ethically. Collection besides involves treating information so that it can be transmitted and stored electronically if desired. Once in electronic signifier it can be manipulated into a signifier which allows it to be analyzed. Analysis: this is by and large considered the most hard portion of the intelligence rhythm. Analysis requires great accomplishments and daring because it requires the analyst to weigh information, expression for forms and come up with different scenarios based on what he has learned. Even though analysis is based on logic and difficult information, analysts must sometimes ‘fill in the spaces ‘ and do intelligent conjectures about possible results. Dissemination: this measure involves administering the intelligence merchandise to those who requested it. It ‘s the clip when the analysts will propose possible classs of action based on his work. He must be able to stress his recommendations and support them with logical statements. The ensuing intelligence will besides be distributed to others in the company who can utilize it. The concluding signifier of the CI, every bit good as its timeliness/opportuneness and security are of import considerations. Surveies have shown that the distribution of the attempt the CI professionals spend among these four phases of the CI rhythm is about as follows: Needs – 20 % Gathering – 30 % Analysis – 40 % Dissemination – 10 % The component that runs through and straight links all the stages of the CI rhythm is the demand to supervise, on a uninterrupted footing, what the company has done and how good. The end is to supply feedback from each stage to the other three of the CI rhythm. By making this, the company can better both the merchandise of an single assignment and the full CI procedure even as the organisation is utilizing it. Feedback to and from each stage of CI to all others is indispensable. That feedback generates a changeless reappraisal that seeks to raise and so reply inquiry like: Are the CI marks still rectify? Should the CI unit attention deficit disorder or delete marks, countries of involvement and so on? â€Å" Know the enemy and cognize yourself ; in a 100 conflicts you will ne'er be in hazard † Sun Tsu: The Art of the WarBest PracticesThere are several points that we need to see throughout the competitory intelligence procedure. Undertakings to be performed by CI Professionals ( See CI Education Harvard Style by Ben Gilad, Competitive Intelligence Magazine, Volume 6, Number 4 ) : Go beyond internet hunts: collect from human resources. Travel beyond public databases: roll up hard-to-get information from less obvious beginnings. Go beyond rivals: analyze whole markets and industries. Go beyond inactive analysis and current market statistics: predict alteration. Travel beyond marketing intelligence: understand finance and cost accounting. Travel beyond selling, finance, and cost: understand scheme. Go beyond scheme: understand hazard. Time is critical Awkwardness is the enemy of competitory intelligence. Having cognition about something three hebdomads after you need to move is of small value. One needs to inquire himself, from where will he acquire the information and how long will it take. This requires a really deliberate and strong competitory intelligence attempt. Without a serious committedness to competitory intelligence, clip will wipe out whatever hope one has for effectual decision-making. The aim should be to shut the spread between when the event occurred and when 1 has the cognition to move. Remain Impersonal Although it ‘s non easy, it is critical that competitory intelligence remains free of prejudice, supplying impersonal type consequences. Competitive intelligence is non intended to back up an bing direction determination. Good competitory intelligence should talk the truth and allow direction make up one's mind how it wants to continue. One manner to guarantee that competitory intelligence is impersonal, is to do it independent, similar to other independent maps such as internal auditing. Besides, where one places competitory intelligence within the organisation can act upon the â€Å" freedom † that competitory intelligence has. Alternatively of doing it a sub-section of selling, make competitory intelligence accessible to all maps. The CI Function tends to suit good with maps like Strategic Planning and Knowledge Management. Large Egos putting to deaths CI – One ground competitory intelligence is non widely used is simple – it can be really unpopular. Competitive intelligence can belie what direction has been recommending. And if direction is non willing to listen to competitory intelligence, so it will hold small value. Travel where the information is Sometimes competitory intelligence can be extremely effectual through insouciant and obvious beginnings of information ( See Guy Kawasaki – How to drive your competition loony ) . There are some simple stairss for understanding the competition: Shop the competition, go a client of the competition, query the rival ‘s clients, inquire the authorities about the competition and go friends with a research bibliothec. One of the more clip devouring activities within competitory intelligence can be roll uping and categorising information. So cognizing where to look can be half the conflict. One needs to pass clip speaking to people who are in the know. Challenge conventional thought Great competitory intelligence will dispute direction to believe in new ways. There are excessively many alterations taking topographic point in the universe today. There is no manner direction should be comfy with the position quo. Therefore, competitory intelligence should intentionally prove and formalize critical direction determinations. Similarly, direction should welcome and promote competitory intelligence to dispute both tactical and strategic decision-making. Competitive intelligence should be a world cheque. The Learning Organization – Competitive Intelligence becomes priceless when it changes the behaviour of an organisation. This is best accomplished when the organisation becomes a learning organisation. Act ethically Competitive intelligence should non prosecute in illegal Acts of the Apostless. Additionally, competitory intelligence should non endanger the repute of a company. Fuld & A ; Company recommends the undermentioned 10 commandments of competitory intelligence: 1. Make non lie when stand foring yourself. 2. Detect your company ‘s legal guidelines. 3. Make non in secret enter an interview if it is against the jurisprudence. 4. Make non publish a payoff. 5. Make non utilize listen ining devices. 6. Make non misdirect anyone in an interview. 7. Make non trade monetary value information or capacity with a viing company. 8. Make non administer or interchange misinformation. 9. Make non steal a trade secret. 10. Make non knowingly pump person for information that could give that individual ‘s occupation or repute. CI is non descrying – Some people equate competitory intelligence with descrying. Competitive Intelligence is non about descrying, it ‘s about cognition. Partner with Risk Management Over the last several old ages, there has been increased accent on Risk Management – protecting the company from unexpected losingss. However, Risk Management is really internally focused ; things like control processs within the company, security precautions, mandates and blessings, transparence in coverage, and so away. Since hazard direction is internal, we need to congratulate hazard direction with competitory intelligence. The ground is simple – Curie is externally focussed and these external forces have major hazard deductions. Therefore, it is highly of import to unite RM and CI for a comprehensive attack to put on the line direction. Human intelligence Intelligence collected and analyzed by and from human beginnings is frequently the finding factor behind your intelligence capablenesss. Those organisations with extended human beginnings as opposed to over-reliance on published beginnings will hold superior competitory intelligence capablenesss. This will take to increased effectivity in strategic decision-making, giving the company a cardinal competitory advantage. Infrastructure before package No uncertainty that many professionals will seek out a package solution to competitory intelligence. Although engineering can assist ( and it continues to germinate ) , the director should concentrate most of his attempts on constructing the substructure ( staffing, preparation, processes, etc. ) associated with competitory intelligence. One should n't work in contrary, coercing the procedures to suit some package solution – design the procedures foremost and so supplement the competitory intelligence with investings in basic engineerings. Additionally, one may desire to leverage bing engineerings, such as internal databases, intranets and other applications for constructing your CI substructure. World Class CI takes clip – The usual clip required to construct a first competitory intelligence plan is between 5 and 7 old ages.

A Midsummer Nights Dream: Battle of the Sexes

Option #1 Battle of the Sexes In Shakespeare’s play titled A Midsummer Nights Dream, there are a few underlying themes throughout the play. The one I will be focusing on is the battle of the sexes that occurs in the play between the couples in the fairy world, and in the â€Å"real world. † We see unusual styles of courting women, and paradoxical qualities of love dramatized with the battle of the sexes that occurs throughout the play. Shakespeare is able to portray a battle of the sexes through Oberon’s jealousy of Titiana’s new love, and through Helena’s desperate determination to have Demetrius love her as much as she loves him.We are fist confronted with this battle for love when Titiana and Oberon meet and begin to dicuss who will have â€Å"custody† of the changeling child. We see Titania show extreme affection for the boy, and I believe that is out of jealousy and anger toward Oberon who has been sleeping with other women like Phillida and Hippolyta â€Å" Playing on pipes of corn, and versing love, to amorous Phillida† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 261 lines 67-68). The boy is a child to one of Titania's worshippers that has passed away and seems to be of interest to Oberon.Shakespeare ties this battle between the two fairies to the change of the weather and the winter coming. Oberon mentions that this bad weather that is created and the entire fight could be stopped if he could have the changeling boy as his henchmen â€Å" Do you amend it then; it lies in you. Why should Titania cross her Oberon? I do but beg a little changeling boy, to be my henchmen† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 262 line 118-121). Titania responds by saying, â€Å"The fairy land buys not the child of me† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 262 line 123). This infuriates Oberon and causes him to act drastically.Oberon knows he has to win Titania's love back to get what her wants and Shakespeare makes it very intere sting the way he approaches Oberon’s courtship. Instead of winning back her love with flowers and attention, Oberon intends on drugging his Queen and has her fall drastically in love with the next object or creature she lays her eyes on. The battle of the sexes that Shakespeare has started is just starting to heat up. Oberon cannot stand that he is not getting his way with this changeling that Titania is obsessing over and that she does not obey her King.This situation amy be compared to a husband and wife fighting over the possession of a child when going through a rough point in his or her relationship. Although currently, I do not believe that a magical flower exists that can drastically change a person’s affection level toward you. In Shakespeare’s world, this item does exist and causes more bad then good in this play. Titania is ready to brawl over the possession of the boy and Oberon does not like it â€Å" Titania: We shall chide downright, if I longer s tay. Obe: Well; go thy way. Thall shalt not from this grove. Till I torment thee for this injury† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg.   262 lines 145-147).It is obvious that the two are at each other’s throat and need some fairy marriage counseling. We can see a superiority complex form here in Oberon where is willing to try drastically to get what he wants even if he has to drug his own queen. This is an aggressive way to court your lady if you ask me and would not fly by today’s standards of courting a woman. The next couple we see participating in the battle of the sexes is Helena and Demetrius. Demetrius has been given Hermia’s hand in marriage from her father and becomes enraged when she runs away with her true love Lysander.Helena, who loves Demetrius, tells him Hermia is running away with Lysander in hopes he will pay more attention to her and love her for telling him of the event that is taking place. This does not turn out the way Helena plans and Demetrius runs after Hermia cursing at Helena the whole time â€Å"I love thee not; therefore pursue me not† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 262 line 189). Helena shows desperation here and chases after Demetrius love while saying, â€Å" I am your spaniel; and Demetrius, the more you beat me, I will fawn on you† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 263 lines 203-204).Through this line, it is obvious that Helena will stop at nothing to have Demetrius’s love. This battle of the sexes in both couples’s situations was stemmed from jealousy in my opinion. Helena seems to blame Hermia’s beauty as the reason behind all this trouble with Demetrius and we can see a comparison between Helena and Hermia happen in Act. 2 scene 2 â€Å" Happy is Hermia, wheresoe’er she lies, for she hath blessed and attractive eye. How come her eyes so bright? Not with salt tears; If so, my eyes are oft’ner wash’d than hers. No, no; I am as ugly as a bear ;† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 264 line 90-95).The jealousy displayed by the fairy couple is slightly different from that of Helena and Demetrius. Oberon displays jealousy toward Titania because she is in control of the changeling and will not allow Oberon to make him his henchmen. Oberon displays this jealousy through frustration and anger that he cannot get what he wants. â€Å" Well; go thy way. Thou shalt not from this grove. Till I torment thee for this injury† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 261 lines 67-70). Oberon is not the only one either; Titania displays jealousy and anger toward Oberon for not being faithful to her â€Å"Why art thou here?Come from the farthest steep in India but that, forsooth, the bouncing amazon, Your buskin’d mistress, and your warrior love† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 261 line 67-70). Titania is jealous at the other women in Oberon's life and angry with Oberon for not being faithful and disregards any of his requests as a way of getting back at him. Shakespeare can work these themes into his play through the main characters ever so beautifully and touch on many areas of love. Shakespeare does in fact bring in a few paradoxical qualities of love into his plays and seems to add moral value to this play by doing so.Through the characters in the play, Shakespeare can instill these moral values and touch on them throughout the play. Shakespeare discusses how love is blind to some, and mainly men in this situation by using the characters in his play. We have Helena speaking of how one should not look for love not with your eyes but with your mind â€Å" Love can transpose to form and dignity. Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 259 lines 233-234). Later in the paragraph, we also see Helena say that Demetrius made an oath to her to only be faithful to Helena but when he saw Hermia, those oaths seemed to melt away.Almost as if love is a game to him which Helena hopes to win. What seems to be a constant theme in this play is that men are asses and are attracted only to physical beauty not true love even when true love comes chasing after them in the woods. We see bottom back this up with his recollection of his â€Å"dream† â€Å"I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was. Man is but an ass if he go about expound this dream† (Riverside Shakespeare, 1997, pg. 275 lines 205-206). Shakespeare seems to be playing with the idea that true love always prevails by making the end of the play end where Helena is paired with Demetrius finally.Oberon gets what he wants but realizes the issues he has created because of his ignorance and fixes the mess he created. The moral values that are instilled in this play such as true love is not in the eyes but in the mind and that true love will always prevail are instilled and displayed through the characters of the play. Shakespeare can portray the battl e of the sexes in this play through the themes of jealousy, true love, and desperation that the couples in the battle of the sexes display.